# US 11,309,596 B1 · Infrared thermal run-away detection for battery packs

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- Number: US 11,309,596 B1
- Document ID: US11309596B1
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B1
- Application number: 16/835,094
- Filed: 2020-03-30
- Granted: 2022-04-19
- Earliest claimed: 2020-03-30
- Assignees: Amazon Technologies, Inc.
- Applicants: Amazon Technologies, Inc.
- Inventors: William Mische
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11309596B1

## CPC

- H01M 10/486: {for measuring temperature}
- B60L 3/0046: {relating to electric energy storage systems, e.g. batteries or capacitors}
- B60L 3/04: Cutting off the power supply under fault conditions (protective devices and circuit arrangements in general H01H; H02H)
- B60L 50/64: Constructional details of batteries specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L 58/21: having the same nominal voltage
- B60L 58/24: for controlling the temperature of batteries
- B60L 58/25: by controlling the electric load
- B64U 50/19: using electrically powered motors
- B64U 50/30: Supply or distribution of electrical power
- G01J 5/0003: {for sensing the radiant heat transfer of samples, e.g. emittance meter}
- G01J 5/0096: {for measuring wires, electrical contacts or electronic systems}
- G01J 5/025: {Interfacing a pyrometer to an external device or network; User interface}
- G01J 5/10: using electric radiation detectors
- H01M 10/441: {for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially}
- H01M 10/443: {in response to temperature}
- H01M 10/482: {for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially}
- H01M 50/20: Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders (structural combination of accumulators with charging apparatus H01M10/46)
- H02J 7/65: against overtemperature
- H02J 7/663: {using battery or load disconnect circuits (H02J9/002 takes precedence)}
- H02J 7/855: {with circuits adapted for supplying loads from the battery}
- H02J 7/977: {of the battery}
- B60K 6/28: characterised by the electric energy storing means, e.g. batteries or capacitors
- B60L 2200/10: Air crafts
- B60L 2240/545: Temperature
- B60Y 2200/91: Electric vehicles
- B60Y 2200/92: Hybrid vehicles
- G01J 2005/0077: {Imaging}
- G05D 1/0055: {with safety arrangements}
- G05D 1/101: {specially adapted for aircraft}
- H01M 2220/20: Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
- H02J 2105/32: {for aircrafts}
- H02J 2105/37: exchanging power with electric vehicles [EV] or with hybrid electric vehicles [HEV]
- Y02E 60/10: Energy storage using batteries
- Y02T 10/70: Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
- H01M: PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- B60L: PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES (arrangements or mounting of electrical propulsion units or of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion in vehicles B60K1/00, B60K6/20; arrangements or mounting of electrical gearing in vehicles B60K17/12, B60K17/14; preventing wheel slip by reducing power in rail vehicles B61C15/08; dynamo-electric machines H02K; control or regulation of electric motors H02P); SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES (electric coupling devices combined with mechanical couplings of vehicles B60D1/64; electric heating for vehicles B60H1/00); ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL (control or regulation of electric motors H02P); MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B64U: UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
- G01J: MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY (light sources F21, H01J, H01K, H05B; investigating properties of materials by optical means G01N)
- H02J: ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- B60K: ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60Y: INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
- G05D: SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
- Y02E: REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02T: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION

## Abstract

Systems and methods for identifying thermal run-away events in a battery pack can include using infrared sensors to measure infrared radiation emitted by and reflected by subsets of the battery cells arrayed in a battery pack. Each infrared sensor can generate temperature data based on the received infrared radiation, which includes reflected infrared radiation for several and potentially many individual battery cells aligned in rows or columns within the battery pack. Each infrared sensor can sense the beginning of a thermal run-away event by sensing when an individual battery cell in the array has a temperature exceeding a threshold, and can generate a signal indicative of a thermal run-away event based on the detected excessive temperature.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A battery system, comprising:
a battery pack comprising an array of battery cells;
a load that is electrically connected with the battery pack and configured to draw power from the array battery cells;
an infrared sensor configured to generate a first infrared sensor output signal in response to incidence on the infrared sensor of infrared radiation emitted by at least two of the battery cells; and
a controller comprising at least one processor and a memory device containing executable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the controller to:
receive and monitor the infrared sensor output signal to monitor for one or more temperature exceedances of the battery cells indicative of one or more thermal run-away conditions of the battery cells; and
in response to the infrared sensor output signal being indicative of one or more thermal run-away conditions of the battery cells, output a thermal run-away signal indicating the occurrence of the one or more thermal run-away conditions of the battery cells.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein:
the load comprises one of: an electric motor for an unmanned aerial vehicle, an electric vehicle, or a hybrid vehicle; and
generating the signal comprises generating a warning for presentation to a user indicative that the battery pack has entered thermal run-away.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein:
the load comprises one of: an electric motor for an unmanned aerial vehicle, an electric vehicle, or a hybrid vehicle; and
generating the signal comprises instructing the electric motor to reduce a power consumption or to halt a power consumption from the battery pack.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, further comprising a second infrared sensor arranged to sense infrared radiation emitted or reflected by at least two of the battery cells, wherein the executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the controller to:
receive and monitor the first infrared sensor output signal generated by the first infrared sensor and a second infrared sensor output signal generated by the second infrared sensor to monitor for one or more temperature exceedances of the battery cells indicative of one or more thermal run-away conditions of the battery cells; and
identify a location of a battery cell at which the one or more thermal run-away conditions have occurred based on the first infrared sensor output signal and the second infrared sensor output signal.

### Claim 5

A method of detecting a thermal run-away condition of a battery pack, the method comprising:
generating, via an infrared sensor, a first infrared sensor output signal in response to incidence on the one or more infrared sensors of infrared radiation emitted by at least one battery cell of an array of battery cells of the battery pack;
monitoring, via a controller, the infrared sensor output signal to monitor for one or more temperature exceedances of battery cells of the battery pack, the one or more temperature exceedances being indicative of one or more thermal run-away conditions of the battery cells; and
in response to the infrared sensor output signal being indicative of one or more thermal run-away conditions of the battery cells, output a thermal run-away signal indicating the occurrence of the one or more thermal run-away conditions of the battery cells.

### Claim 6 (depends on 5)

The method of claim 5, wherein the battery pack is electrically connected with an electric motor of an electric vehicle, the method further comprising:
in response to the infrared sensor output signal being indicative of the one or more temperature exceedances of the battery cells, instructing the motor of the electric vehicle to enter a low-power state or to power down.

### Claim 7 (depends on 5)

The method of claim 5, wherein the battery pack is electrically connected with an electric motor of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), the method further comprising:
in response to the infrared sensor output signal being indicative of the one or more temperature exceedances of the battery cells, instructing a controller of the UAV to initiate a controlled landing.

### Claim 8 (depends on 5)

The method of claim 5, wherein the battery pack is electrically connected with an electric motor of an autonomous or semi-autonomous automobile, the method further comprising:
in response to the infrared sensor output signal being indicative of the one or more temperature exceedances of the battery cells, instructing a controller of the autonomous or semi-autonomous automobile to initiate a controlled stop.

### Claim 9 (depends on 5)

The method of claim 5, further comprising:
generating a second infrared sensor output signal, via a second infrared sensor, in response to incidence of infrared radiation on the second infrared sensor;
determining a location of the battery cell associated with the one or more temperature exceedances based on the first infrared sensor output signal and second infrared sensor output signal.

### Claim 10 (depends on 5)

The method of claim 5, further comprising:
generating a second infrared sensor output signal, via a second infrared sensor, in response to incidence of infrared radiation on the second infrared sensor;
relaying the infrared sensor output signal and the second infrared sensor output signal to a common processor via a common bus.

### Claim 11 (depends on 5)

The method of claim 5, further comprising:
generating a second infrared sensor output signal, via a second infrared sensor, in response to incidence of infrared radiation on the second infrared sensor;
generating a first thermal image from the infrared sensor output signal and a second thermal image from the second infrared sensor output signal;
assembling a composite thermal image by combining the respective first and second thermal images; and
detecting the one or more temperature exceedances of the battery cells indicative of thermal run-away by identifying an irregularity in the composite thermal image.

### Claim 12 (depends on 11)

The method of claim 11, further comprising:
determining a location of the battery cell at which the one or more temperature exceedances is detected based on a position of the irregularity in the composite thermal image.

### Claim 13

A power supply device, comprising:
a battery pack comprising:
an enclosure comprising top and bottom elements comprising a plurality of electrical connection points; and
an array of battery cells contained within the enclosure, the battery cells being connected with the top and bottom elements and electrically connected with the plurality of electrical connection points, the battery cells being spaced apart from each other, and each one of the battery cells being connected with the top element of the enclosure at a first end and with the bottom element of the enclosure at a second end;
one or more infrared sensors connected with the enclosure and configured to generate an infrared sensor output signal in response to incidence on the one or more infrared sensors of infrared radiation; and
a controller comprising a processor and a memory device containing executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the controller to:
receive the infrared sensor output signal from the one or more infrared sensors; and
detect that a thermal run-away event has occurred in the battery pack based on the received infrared sensor output signal indicating that a temperature of an individual battery cell exceeds a threshold temperature.

### Claim 14 (depends on 13)

The device of claim 13, wherein:
the thermal run-away event comprises a temperature exceedance that precedes thermal run-away; and
the executable instructions, when executed by the processor, further cause the controller to reduce a power output of the battery pack to mitigate or reverse the thermal run-away event.

### Claim 15 (depends on 13)

The device of claim 13, wherein at least one of a first interior surface of the top element of the enclosure, a second interior surface of the bottom element of the enclosure, or an outer shell of each one of the battery cells comprises a material having an infrared reflectivity of at least 0.2.

### Claim 16 (depends on 13)

The device of claim 13, wherein the one or more infrared sensors generate the infrared sensor output signal in the form of image data comprising pixels, an intensity of each one of the pixels being indicative of an amount of infrared radiation collected by the one or more infrared sensors.

### Claim 17 (depends on 13)

The device of claim 13, wherein:
the array of battery cells comprises first rows of battery cells aligned in a first direction and separated by a first channel between the battery cells; and
a first infrared sensor of the one or more infrared sensors is positioned at an end of the first channel and oriented to detect infrared radiation emitted and reflected by a subset of the battery cells adjacent to the first channel.

### Claim 18 (depends on 17)

The device of claim 17, wherein:
the array of battery cells further comprises second rows of battery cells aligned in a second direction that intersects with the first rows of battery cells, the second rows of battery cells separated by a second channel between the battery cells that intersects with the first channel;
a second infrared sensor of the one or more infrared sensors is positioned at a second end of the second channel and oriented to detect infrared radiation emitted and reflected by a second subset of the battery cells adjacent to the second channel; and
the controller is further configured to identify, based on a first infrared sensor output signal generated by the first infrared sensor and a second infrared sensor output signal generated by the second infrared sensor, a position of a battery cell at which the one or more temperature exceedances as occurred.

### Claim 19 (depends on 13)

The device of claim 13, wherein:
the array of battery cells comprises a closely packed hexagonal grid of the battery cells; and
the one or more infrared sensors are positioned at respective ends of a plurality of rows and columns of the battery cells in the array of battery cells, and oriented to detect infrared radiation emitted and reflected by subsets of the battery cells adjacent the respective rows and columns at which the one or more infrared sensors are positioned.

### Claim 20 (depends on 13)

The device of claim 13, wherein the battery pack is electrically connected to power an electric motor of one of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), electric vehicle (EV), or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).