Methods and formulations for superhydrophic, self-cleaning, and icephobic polymer coatings and objects having coatings thereon

A method for obtaining an icephobic durable coating, the method comprising:

• forming a first mixture consisting of microstructuring microparticles and a liquid silane, wherein forming the first mixture is by suspending an effective amount of microstructuring microparticles in liquid silane;
• the liquid silane having one or more groups configured to graft to a microstructuring microparticle and at least another group that results in hydrophobicity;
• stirring the first mixture for a first predetermined time, the first predetermined time selected such that the microstructuring microparticles react with the liquid silane;
• forming a second mixture by dissolving another effective amount of synthetic adhesive in a solvent;
• the synthetic adhesive being a polymer that interacts with a glass, polymer, ceramic, metal, wood, concrete, textile or leather surface;
• mixing the first mixture with the second mixture in predetermined proportions;
• resulting in a third mixture consisting of
• 5 to 25 weight percent of the synthetic adhesive, based on the total weight of the third mixture,
• the solvent;
• and
• the first mixture after stirring for the first predetermined time;
• coating a substrate with the third mixture, wherein the substrate has a glass, polymer, ceramic, metal, wood, concrete, textile or leather surface;
• allowing evaporation of excess solvent in the third mixture coated on the substrate;
• and
• curing the third mixture coated on the substrate by heating for a second predetermined time at a predetermined temperature.