# US 11,305,663 B2 · Energy efficient hands-free electric vehicle charger for autonomous vehicles in uncontrolled environments

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- Number: US 11,305,663 B2
- Document ID: US11305663B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 15/789,000
- Filed: 2017-10-20
- Published: 2018-09-27
- Granted: 2022-04-19
- Earliest claimed: 2017-03-27
- Assignees: General Electric Company
- Applicants: General Electric Company
- Inventors: Edward Clark Fontana; Mark Allen Johnson
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11305663B2

## CPC

- B60L 53/60: Monitoring or controlling charging stations
- B60L 53/12: Inductive energy transfer
- B60L 53/122: Circuits or methods for driving the primary coil, e.g. supplying electric power to the coil
- B60L 53/126: Methods for pairing a vehicle and a charging station, e.g. establishing a one-to-one relation between a wireless power transmitter and a wireless power receiver
- B60L 53/302: Cooling of charging equipment
- B60L 53/35: Means for automatic or assisted adjustment of the relative position of charging devices and vehicles
- B60L 53/38: specially adapted for charging by inductive energy transfer
- G05D 1/0212: {with means for defining a desired trajectory (involving a plurality of land vehicles G05D1/0287)}
- G05D 1/0225: {involving docking at a fixed facility, e.g. base station or loading bay (parking aids B62D15/027)}
- G05D 1/0231: {using optical position detecting means (position-fixing by using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. optical position detecting means G01S5/16)}
- G05D 1/0246: {using a video camera in combination with image processing means}
- G06F 21/44: Program or device authentication
- H02J 7/06: using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices
- H02J 7/42: with electronic devices having internal batteries, e.g. mobile phones
- H02J 50/10: using inductive coupling
- H02J 50/12: of the resonant type
- H02J 50/80: involving the exchange of data, concerning supply or distribution of electric power, between transmitting devices and receiving devices
- H02J 50/90: involving detection or optimisation of position, e.g. alignment
- H02M 3/01: {Resonant DC/DC converters}
- H02M 3/158: including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
- H02M 3/33571: {Half-bridge at primary side of an isolation transformer}
- B60L 2210/10: DC to DC converters
- H02J 2105/37: exchanging power with electric vehicles [EV] or with hybrid electric vehicles [HEV]
- Y02T 10/70: Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
- Y02T 10/7072: Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
- Y02T 90/12: Electric charging stations
- Y02T 90/14: Plug-in electric vehicles
- B60L: PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES (arrangements or mounting of electrical propulsion units or of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion in vehicles B60K1/00, B60K6/20; arrangements or mounting of electrical gearing in vehicles B60K17/12, B60K17/14; preventing wheel slip by reducing power in rail vehicles B61C15/08; dynamo-electric machines H02K; control or regulation of electric motors H02P); SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES (electric coupling devices combined with mechanical couplings of vehicles B60D1/64; electric heating for vehicles B60H1/00); ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL (control or regulation of electric motors H02P); MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- G05D: SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
- G06F: ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING (computer systems based on specific computational models G06N)
- H02J: ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02M: APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF (transformers H01F; dynamo-electric converters H02K47/00; controlling transformers, reactors or choke coils, control or regulation of electric motors, generators or dynamo-electric converters H02P)
- Y02T: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION

## Abstract

A method for charging an electric vehicle includes steps of providing a charger station and providing an electric vehicle operable to navigate to a desired destination autonomously, the vehicle comprising a power receiver configured to mate with the charger station to provide charging to the electric vehicle. The method further includes steps of aligning, via autonomous operation of the electric vehicle, the charger station and the power receiver of the electric vehicle, so as mate the charger station and the power receiver, and initiating charging of the electric vehicle upon mating of the charger station and the power receiver.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method for charging an electric vehicle, the method comprising:
providing a charger station comprising:
a housing defining a cavity; and
a docking head stored within the cavity and selectively translatable out therefrom;
providing an electric vehicle operable to navigate to a desired destination autonomously, the vehicle comprising a power receiver configured to mate with the docking head to provide charging to the electric vehicle;
initiating an interaction between the electric vehicle and the charger station to cause the docking head to rotate out from a downward storage position in the cavity to an upright charging position, so as to enable mating of the docking head and the power receiver, with the charger station being flush or approximately flush with a ground surface when the docking head is in the downward storage position and the docking head being raised above the ground surface when in the upright charging position;
aligning, via autonomous operation of the electric vehicle, the docking head and the power receiver of the electric vehicle, so as mate the docking head and the power receiver; and
initiating charging of the electric vehicle upon mating of the docking head and the power receiver.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein aligning the docking head and the power receiver of the electric vehicle comprises:
operating a detection system of the autonomous electric vehicle to detect the charger station and a location thereof relative to the autonomous electric vehicle; and
controlling the autonomous electric vehicle to mate the docking head and the power receiver based on feedback from the detection system, while the docking head remains stationary.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The method of claim 2 wherein the detection system comprises one or more cameras and wherein mating the docking head and the power receiver based on feedback from the detection system comprises placing the power receiver into alignment with the docking head based on visual tracking of the charger station to enable mating therebetween.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein initiating the interaction between the electric vehicle and the charger station comprises controlling the electric vehicle to drive over an actuating member of the charger station, with a weight of the electric vehicle causing the actuating member to rotate the docking head to the upright charging position.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein initiating the interaction between the electric vehicle and the charger station comprises:
transmitting a wireless signal from the electric vehicle to the charger station that identifies the electric vehicle as a vehicle authorized to receive a charge from the charger station; and
enabling the docking head to be rotated to the upright charging position upon receipt of the wireless signal by the charger station.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 further comprising causing a chock or curb-like structure part of or adjacent to the charger station to raise up from ground upon a weight of the electric vehicle being applied to the charger station, with the chock or curb-like structure functioning as a stop for the electric vehicle when the power receiver is being aligned with the docking head.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein the charger station comprises an inductive charger station that includes a primary side of a transformer therein as part of an inductor-inductor-capacitor (LLC) resonant circuit, and wherein the power receiver comprises an inductive power receiver that includes a secondary side of a transformer therein as part of the LLC resonant circuit, with the inductive power receiver configured to mate with the inductive charger station to provide inductive charging to the electric vehicle.

### Claim 8 (depends on 7)

The method of claim 7 wherein aligning the inductive charger station and the inductive power receiver comprises aligning one or more receptacles of the inductive power receiver with one or more protrusions on the docking head of the inductive charger station, the pair of receptacles including one or more secondary windings of the secondary side positioned adjacent thereto and the pair of protrusions including one or more primary windings of the primary side positioned therein and covered by an electrically insulating covering, with the pair of protrusions being positioned within the pair of receptacles to mate the inductive charger station and the inductive power receiver.

### Claim 9 (depends on 8)

The method of claim 8 wherein the one or more protrusions are aligned with the one or more receptacles via a set of alignment features formed on each of the docking head and the inductive power receiver, the set of alignment features including one or more of flat sections, tapered sections, and radius or funnel surfaces.

### Claim 10 (depends on 8)

The method of claim 8 wherein the one or more secondary windings and the one or more primary windings are each covered by an electrically insulating coating that covers the one or more protrusions and the one or more receptacles, such that upon alignment of the inductive charger station and the inductive power receiver, a separation between the one or more secondary windings and the one or more primary windings is provided that creates a leakage inductance, and wherein the leakage inductance is used to establish resonance in the LLC resonant circuit.

### Claim 11 (depends on 7)

The method of claim 7 wherein the inductive charging of the electric vehicle delivers 94% or greater DC-DC charging efficiency to the electric vehicle, based on the LLC resonant circuit and the autonomous alignment of the inductive charger station and the inductive power receiver.

### Claim 12 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein the housing comprises bezeled side surfaces at no more than a 15° angle leading up to a flat top cover, so as to allow for the electric vehicle to drive over the charger station as the electric vehicle is being positioned relative to the charger station to enable mating of the docking head and the power receiver.

### Claim 13

A method for inductively charging an electric vehicle, the method comprising:
providing an inductive charger station that includes a primary side of a transformer therein, as well as a magnetizing inductor circuit element and a leakage inductor circuit element integrated into the transformer;
providing an electric vehicle comprising an inductive power receiver that includes a secondary side of the transformer, with the inductive power receiver configured to mate with the inductive charger station to provide inductive charging to the electric vehicle;
operating the electric vehicle in an autonomous fashion so as to function as a positioning system that aligns and mates the power receiver of the electric vehicle with the inductive charger station; and
initiating an inductive charging of the electric vehicle upon mating of the inductive charger station and the inductive power receiver;
wherein the alignment and mating of the power receiver and the inductive charger station provided by the autonomous operation of the electric vehicle inductively couples the primary and secondary sides of the transformer, with the alignment and mating of the power receiver and the inductive charger station and the operation of the magnetizing inductor circuit element and the leakage inductor circuit element providing a 94% or greater DC-DC charging efficiency of the electric vehicle.

### Claim 14 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13 wherein providing the inductive charger station and the inductive power receiver comprises providing an electrically insulating coating over one or more protrusions and receptacles that house primary and secondary windings of the transformer, respectively, so as to cover and seal the primary and secondary windings while allowing for inductive coupling therebetween.

### Claim 15 (depends on 14)

The method of claim 14 wherein the electrically insulating coating maintains a separation between the primary and secondary windings upon mating of the inductive charger station and the inductive power receiver, with the separation creating a leakage inductance used by the magnetizing inductor circuit element and the leakage inductor circuit element integrated into the transformer, as part of an LLC battery charger, to establish resonance between the primary and the secondary sides of the transformer.

### Claim 16 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13 wherein, in aligning and mating the power receiver of the electric vehicle with the inductive charger station, the method further comprises
operating a detection system of the autonomous electric vehicle to detect the inductive charger station and a location thereof relative to the autonomous electric vehicle; and
controlling the autonomous electric vehicle to mate the inductive power receiver with the inductive charger station based on feedback from the detection system, while the inductive charger station remains stationary.

### Claim 17 (depends on 16)

The method of claim 16 wherein the detection system comprises one or more cameras and wherein aligning and mating the inductive power receiver with the inductive charger station based on feedback from the detection system comprises placing the inductive power receiver into alignment with the inductive charger station based on visual tracking of the inductive charger station relative thereto, so as to enable mating therebetween.

### Claim 18 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13 further comprising initiating an interaction between the electric vehicle and the inductive charger station to cause the inductive charger station to move from a downward storage position to an upright charging position, so as to enable mating of the inductive charger station and the inductive power receiver.

### Claim 19 (depends on 18)

The method of claim 18 wherein initiating the interaction between the electric vehicle and the inductive charger station comprises controlling the electric vehicle to drive over an actuating member of the inductive charger station, with a weight of the electric vehicle causing the actuating member to rotate the inductive charger station to the upright charging position.

### Claim 20 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13 wherein initiating the interaction between the electric vehicle and the inductive charger station comprises:
transmitting a wireless signal from the electric vehicle to the inductive charger station that identifies the electric vehicle as a vehicle authorized to receive a charge from the inductive charger station; and
enabling the inductive charger station to be rotated to the upright charging position upon receipt of the wireless signal by the inductive charger station.