# US 11,298,876 B2 · Three-dimensional printing

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- Number: US 11,298,876 B2
- Document ID: US11298876B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 16/605,377
- Filed: 2018-06-19
- Published: 2021-12-30
- Granted: 2022-04-12
- Earliest claimed: 2018-06-19
- Assignees: Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
- Applicants: Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
- Inventors: Erica Fung; Carolin Fleischmann; Jesiska Tandy; Carmina Querol Esparch; Greg S. Long; Ali Emamjomeh; Shannon Reuben Woodruff; Rachael Donovan; Kenneth Flack
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11298876B2

## CPC

- B29C 64/165: using a combination of solid and fluid materials, e.g. a powder selectively bound by a liquid binder, catalyst, inhibitor or energy absorber
- B29C 64/264: Arrangements for irradiation
- B29C 64/282: of the same type, e.g. using different energy levels
- B33Y 10/00: Processes of additive manufacturing
- B33Y 70/00: Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
- B29K 2077/00: Use of {PA, i.e.} polyamides, e.g. polyesteramides {or derivatives thereof}, as moulding material
- B29K 2995/0063: Density
- B29C: SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING (making preforms B29B11/00; making laminated products by combining previously unconnected layers which become one product whose layers will remain together B32B37/00 - B32B41/00)
- B33Y: ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B29K: INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR {MOULDS, } REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS

## Abstract

An example of a three-dimensional (3D) printing kit includes a build material composition and a fusing agent to be applied to at least a portion of the build material composition during 3D printing. The build material composition includes a polyamide having: an avalanche angle ranging from about 35 degrees to about 55 degrees; a break energy ranging from about 25 kJ/kg to about 57 kJ/kg; and an avalanche energy ranging from about 7 kJ/kg to about 22 kJ/kg. The fusing agent includes an energy absorber to absorb electromagnetic radiation to coalesce the polyamide in the at least the portion.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A three-dimensional (3D) printing kit, comprising:
a build material composition including a polyamide having:
an avalanche angle ranging from about 35 degrees to about 55 degrees;
a break energy ranging from about 25 kJ/kg to about 57 kJ/kg; and
an avalanche energy ranging from about 7 kJ/kg to about 22 kJ/kg; and
a fusing agent to be applied to at least a portion of the build material composition during 3D printing, the fusing agent including an energy absorber to absorb electromagnetic radiation to coalesce the polyamide in the at least the portion.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The 3D printing kit as defined in claim 1 wherein the polyamide has a dynamic density within about 15% of a bulk density of the polyamide.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The 3D printing kit as defined in claim 1 wherein one of:
(i) the polyamide is a polyamide 12, the avalanche angle ranges from about 36 degrees to about 40 degrees, the break energy ranges from about 27 kJ/kg to about 37 kJ/kg, and the avalanche energy ranges from about 7 kJ/kg to about 17 kJ/kg; or
(ii) the polyamide is a polyamide 11, the avalanche angle ranges from about 44 degrees to about 52 degrees, the break energy ranges from about 38 kJ/kg to about 57 kJ/kg, and the avalanche energy ranges from about 8 kJ/kg to about 22 kJ/kg; or
(iii) the polyamide is a polyamide 12-GB, the avalanche angle ranges from about 40 degrees to about 48 degrees, the break energy ranges from about 32 kJ/kg to about 50 kJ/kg, and the avalanche energy ranges from about 7 kJ/kg to about 19 kJ/kg; or
(iv) the polyamide is a polyamide 6,13, the avalanche angle ranges from about 38 degrees to about 45 degrees, the break energy ranges from about 28 kJ/kg to about 40 kJ/kg, and the avalanche energy ranges from about 8 kJ/kg to about 15 kJ/kg.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The 3D printing kit as defined in claim 1 wherein one of:
(i) the polyamide is a polyamide 12 having a dynamic density ranging from about 0.34 g/cc to about 0.38 g/cc; or
(ii) the polyamide is a polyamide 11 having a dynamic density ranging from about 0.44 g/cc to about 0.48 g/cc; or
(iii) the polyamide is a polyamide 12-GB having a dynamic density ranging from about 0.42 g/cc to about 0.49 g/cc; or
(iv) the polyamide is a polyamide 6,13 having a dynamic density ranging from about 0.43 g/cc to about 0.48 g/cc.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The 3D printing kit as defined in claim 1, further comprising a coloring agent selected from the group consisting of a black agent, a cyan agent, a magenta agent, and a yellow agent.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The 3D printing kit as defined in claim 1, further comprising a detailing agent including a surfactant, a co-solvent, and water.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The 3D printing kit as defined in claim 1 wherein the fusing agent is a core fusing agent and the energy absorber has absorption at least at wavelengths ranging from 400 nm to 780 nm.

### Claim 8 (depends on 7)

The 3D printing kit as defined in claim 7, further comprising a primer fusing agent including a plasmonic resonance absorber having absorption at wavelengths ranging from 800 nm to 4000 nm and having transparency at wavelengths ranging from 400 nm to 780 nm.

### Claim 9 (depends on 1)

The 3D printing kit as defined in claim 1 wherein the fusing agent is a primer fusing agent and the energy absorber is a plasmonic resonance absorber having absorption at wavelengths ranging from 800 nm to 4000 nm and having transparency at wavelengths ranging from 400 nm to 780 nm.

### Claim 10

A method for three-dimensional (3D) printing, comprising:
applying a build material composition to form a build material layer, the build material composition including a polyamide having:
an avalanche angle ranging from about 35 degrees to about 55 degrees;
a break energy ranging from about 25 kJ/kg to about 57 kJ/kg; and
an avalanche energy ranging from about 7 kJ/kg to about 22 kJ/kg;
based on a 3D object model, selectively applying a fusing agent on at least a portion of the build material layer; and
exposing the build material layer to electromagnetic radiation to coalesce the build material composition in the at least the portion to form a layer of a 3D object.

### Claim 11 (depends on 10)

The method as defined in claim 10, further comprising:
iteratively applying individual build material layers of the build material composition;
based on the 3D object model, selectively applying the fusing agent to at least some of the individual build material layers to define individually patterned layers, wherein the fusing agent is selected from the group consisting of a core fusing agent, a primer fusing agent, or both the core fusing agent and the primer fusing agent; and
iteratively exposing the individually patterned layers to the electromagnetic radiation to form individual object layers, wherein each of the individual object layers is selected from the group consisting of a core layer, a primer layer, or a layer including a core portion and a primer portion.

### Claim 12

A method for three-dimensional (3D) printing, comprising:
based on a 3D object model, selectively applying a core fusing agent on at least a portion of a first layer of a build material composition, the build material composition including a polyamide having:
an avalanche angle ranging from about 35 degrees to about 55 degrees;
a break energy ranging from about 25 kJ/kg to about 57 kJ/kg; and
an avalanche energy ranging from about 7 kJ/kg to about 22 kJ/kg;
exposing the first layer to electromagnetic radiation to fuse the build material composition in the at least the portion of the first layer to form a core layer;
applying a second layer of the build material composition on the core layer;
based on the 3D object model, selectively applying a primer fusing agent on at least a portion of the second layer, the primer fusing agent including a plasmonic resonance absorber having absorption at wavelengths ranging from 800 nm to 4000 nm and having transparency at wavelengths ranging from 400 nm to 780 nm; and
exposing the second layer to electromagnetic radiation to fuse the build material composition in the at least the portion of the second layer to form a primer layer.

### Claim 13 (depends on 12)

The method as defined in claim 12, further comprising:
applying a third layer of the build material composition on the primer layer;
based on the 3D object model, selectively applying a coloring agent and (i) the core fusing agent or (ii) the primer fusing agent on at least a portion of the third layer; and
exposing the third layer to electromagnetic radiation to fuse the build material composition in the at least the portion of the third layer to form a colored layer having a colorant of the coloring agent embedded therein.

### Claim 14 (depends on 13)

The method as defined in claim 13, further comprising applying the coloring agent on the colored layer.

### Claim 15 (depends on 14)

The method as defined in claim 14, further comprising applying a detailing agent with the coloring agent.