Electron microscope

An electron microscope comprising:

• a photocathode with negative electron affinity in use;
• an excitation optical system to excite the photocathode;
• an electron optics system to irradiate an electron beam generated from the photocathode by excitation light irradiated through the excitation optical system onto a sample, wherein the excitation optical system includes a light source device for the excitation light;
• and
• an optical modulation means which is disposed in an optical path of the excitation light to perform spatial phase modulation to the excitation light,
• wherein the optical modulation means has a wavefront protection mode in which electrons emitted from the photocathode by the excitation light are used in a high-resolution observation mode at the electron optics system, and a mode to disturb the wavefront in which the electrodes emitted from the photocathode by the excitation light are used in an electrification control mode at the electron optics system, and
• wherein a switch-over means between the high-resolution observation mode and the electrification control mode is the means by which the wavefront protection mode is switched over to the mode to disturb the wavefront.

An electron microscope comprising:

• a photocathode with negative electron affinity in use;
• an excitation optical system to excite the photocathode;
• and
• an electron optics system to irradiate an electron beam generated from the photocathode by excitation light irradiated through the excitation optical system onto a sample, wherein the excitation optical system includes a light source for the excitation light;
• and
• an optical modulation means which is disposed in an optical path of the excitation light to perform spatial phase modulation to the excitation light,
• wherein the optical modulation means includes a means to form a forked excitation light pattern and to form holographic diffracting gratings to separate vortex electron waves with orbital angular momentum for use from the electrons emitted from the photocathode by the excitation light with the forked pattern.

An electron microscope comprising:

• a light source for an excitation light;
• a photocathode to emit electrons by the excitation light from the light source for the excitation light;
• an optical modulation means which is disposed in an optical path between the light source for the excitation light and the photocathode to make the excitation light optically modulated;
• and
• an electron optics system to irradiate electrons emitted from the photocathode onto a sample as an electron beam,
• wherein the optical modulation means has a first area not inviting optical modulation, a second area inviting the optical modulation, and a switch-over means to switch over between the first and second areas.