Intermediate frame, electrochemical systems, and methods

A method of using an intermediate frame in an electrochemical cell, comprising:

• contacting an electrolyte with an intermediate frame wherein the intermediate frame comprises between about 3-35 arrays of channels on upper and/or lower edges of the intermediate frame wherein the channels traverse in parallel fashion and providing a spatially uniform flow of the electrolyte through plane of the intermediate frame;
• contacting the electrolyte with distribution pockets located on the upper and/or the lower edges of the intermediate frame at an end of each of the arrays of channels and providing the electrolyte from the distribution pockets to each of the arrays of channels and/or from each of the arrays of channels to the distribution pockets;
• and
• contacting the electrolyte with an exterior manifold located outside sealed volume of the intermediate frame at an end of the upper and/or the lower edges of the intermediate frame and providing the electrolyte from the exterior manifold to the distribution pockets and/or from the distribution pockets to the exterior manifold.