Electrically conductive porous particle

A cathode comprising a plurality of porous particles, each porous particle made according to a method of forming a porous particle comprising an electrically conductive shell encapsulating a core, said core comprising an elemental compound that reversibly reduces in the presence of a cation and oxidizes in the absence of said cation, said method comprising:

• a) encapsulating an elemental compound precursor with said electrically conductive shell, wherein the elemental compound precursor is a metal chalcogenide comprising a metal selected from Group 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 14 of the Periodic Table of Elements;
• and
• b) reacting said elemental compound precursor with an oxidation agent to oxidize said elemental compound precursor to form said elemental compound, thereby forming said electrically conductive shell encapsulating said core comprising said elemental compound, wherein each porous particle comprises an electrically conductive shell encapsulating a core, said core comprising an elemental compound that reversibly reduces in the presence of a cation and oxidizes in the absence of said cation, and wherein a void is present between said shell and said elemental compound and the volume occupancy of the void between the shell and the core in the oxidized state is between about 10% to about 95%.