Electrical substance clearance from the brain

Apparatus comprising:

• a first electrode, configured to be implanted in a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled space of a brain of a subject identified as at risk of or suffering from Alzheimer's disease;
• one or more second electrodes, configured to be implanted superficial to brain parenchyma of the subject, such that the brain parenchyma is spatially disposed between a ventricular system of the brain and the one or more second electrodes, the ventricular system consisting of left and right lateral ventricles, a third ventricle, a fourth ventricle, a cerebral aqueduct, interventricular foramina, a median aperture, and left and right lateral apertures of the brain;
• and
• control circuitry, configured to drive the first and the one or more second electrodes to clear a substance from the brain parenchyma into the ventricular system by applying current between the first and the one or more second electrodes using an average voltage of less than 1.2 V, the substance comprising one or more substances selected from the group of substances consisting of:
• amyloid beta and tau protein.