Direct torque control, piston engine

A piston engine, comprising:

• a cylinder defining an interior space therein,
• the cylinder encloses a chamber therein, a main piston configured to fit sealingly in the cylinder and move up and down along its centerline therewithin, and an auxiliary piston configured to fit sealingly in the cylinder and move up and down along its centerline therewithin,
• the main piston and the auxiliary piston move at different frequencies,
• the main piston is connected to a first connection rod, the first connection rod is connected to a first crankshaft,
• the main piston has a displacement volume Vd,
• the length of the first connection rode is L,
• the throw of the first crank shaft is R,
• movement of the auxiliary piston is controlled by a mechanical part connected to the auxiliary piston, the auxiliary piston moves at k times the frequency of the main piston movement,
• in each rotation of the first crankshaft, the enclosed space within the cylinder and between the main piston and the auxiliary piston forms a combustion chamber with volume V, wherein V depends on the positions of the main piston and the auxiliary piston,
• the combustion chamber volume V is a function of the position of the auxiliary piston and the crank angle of the first crankshaft,
• wherein the combustion chamber volume V forms a plateau, from 0° BTDC to 17° ATDC in crank angle of the first crankshaft of the plateau, wherein the variation of the combustion chamber volume V is less than 5/1000 of Vd,
• wherein the piston engine has a preferable PPP crank angle, wherein for a given amount of fuel, a maximum torque can be obtained when the peak combustion pressure is at the preferable PPP crank angle position.

An automobile with direct torque control,

• (a) the automobile comprises a piston engine, the torque control and/or speed control of the automobile is achieved with fixed ratio transmission and fuel supply,
• wherein the piston engine comprises:
• a cylinder defining an interior space therein,
• the cylinder encloses a chamber therein, a main piston configured to fit sealingly in the cylinder and move up and down along its centerline therewithin, and an auxiliary piston configured to fit sealingly in the cylinder and move up and down along its centerline therewithin,
• the enclosed space within the cylinder and between the main piston and the auxiliary piston forms a combustion chamber with volume V,
• the main piston is connected to an extension rod, the extension rod is connected to a connection rod, and the connection rod is connected to a first crankshaft,
• the main piston has a displacement Vd,
• wherein from 0° CA to 360/k ° CA of each rotation of the first crankshaft, the frequency spectrum of the auxiliary piston motion is k times of the frequency spectrum of the main piston motion, and k=2, 3, 4, 5, or 6,
• the combustion chamber volume V has a plateau, from 0° ATDC to 30° ATDC in crank angle of the first crankshaft, wherein the variation of the combustion chamber volume V is less than 5/1000 of Vd,
• wherein when the main piston is at its TDC, the auxiliary piston is at its bottom dead center BDC2,
• (b) the automobile further comprises an air container to store compressed air,
• (c) a compression chamber is formed between the main piston and the lower end cover of its cylinder, said lower end cover has an inlet valve and an outlet valve,
• the compression chamber is used to compress air and/or convert dynamic energy from the first crankshaft into compressed air,
• wherein the dynamic energy of the automobile is recovered and then stored in the compressed air in the compression chamber through movement of the main piston,
• when the main piston moves from the TDC to the BDC driven by combustion pressure, the inlet valve is closed and the outlet valve is opened, the compression chamber compresses the air contained and injects the air into the air container through the outlet valve,
• when the main piston moves from TDC to BDC driven by the first crankshaft, the inlet valve is closed and the outlet valve is opened, the compression chamber compresses the air contained and injects the air into the air container through the outlet valve, and the dynamic energy of the automobile is converted and stored in the compressed air through rotation of the first crankshaft,
• when the inlet valve is opened, the combustion chamber is connected with outside air, and there is no air compression and no dynamic energy recovery,
• (d) the automobile comprises a first clutch,
• wherein the first crank shaft pushes a differential gear to rotate through the first clutch, and the differential gear pushes a wheel to rotate,
• wherein from the first crankshaft to the wheel, gear ratio is fixed and the torque on the first crank shaft is applied to the wheel through a fixed ratio.