Dispersants, coating compositions including dispersants, and methods of forming the same

A graft copolymer, comprising:

• a polymeric backbone comprising a quaternary ammonium moiety formed from a reaction of a cyclic amine-containing moiety and an alkylation agent;
• a first side chain bound to the polymeric backbone, wherein the first side chain comprises an acid-containing moiety;
• and
• a second side chain bound to the polymeric backbone, wherein the second side chain comprises an alkoxylated moiety, and wherein the alkoxylated moiety is formed from an olefinically unsaturated alkoxylated macromonomer having a weight average molecular weight of at least 250.

A coating composition, comprising:

• a pigment;
• a graft copolymer for dispersing the pigment, the graft copolymer comprising;
• a polymeric backbone comprising a cyclic amine-containing moiety,
• a first side chain bound to the polymeric backbone, wherein the first side chain comprises an acid-containing moiety, and
• a second side chain bound to the polymeric backbone, wherein the second side chain comprises an alkoxylated moiety, and wherein the alkoxylated moiety is formed from an olefinically unsaturated alkoxylated macromonomer having a weight average molecular weight of at least 250;
• water;
• and
• optionally organic solvent, wherein the coating composition comprises the water in an amount of at least 50 wt. % based on a total weight percent of a combination of the water and the organic solvent in the coating composition when the organic solvent is present.