# US 11,121,740 B2 · Near field, full duplex data link for resonant induction wireless charging > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 11,121,740 B2 - Document ID: US11121740B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 16/675,618 - Filed: 2019-11-06 - Published: 2020-03-05 - Granted: 2021-09-14 - Earliest claimed: 2014-09-05 - Assignees: Momentum Dynamics Corporation - Applicants: Momentum Dynamics Corporation - Inventors: Andrew W. Daga; Francis J. McMahon; Edward J. Gander; Matthew L. Ward - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11121740B2 ## CPC - H01F 38/14: Inductive couplings - H02J 50/10: using inductive coupling - H02J 50/12: of the resonant type - H02J 50/80: involving the exchange of data, concerning supply or distribution of electric power, between transmitting devices and receiving devices - H04B 1/30: for homodyne or synchrodyne receivers (demodulator circuits H03D1/22) - H04B 5/266: {One coil at each side, e.g. with primary and secondary coils} - H04B 5/79: for data transfer in combination with power transfer - H04B 5/24: Inductive coupling - Y02T 10/70: Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries - Y02T 10/7072: Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors - Y02T 90/12: Electric charging stations - Y02T 90/16: Information or communication technologies improving the operation of electric vehicles - H01F: MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES - H02J: ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY - H04B: TRANSMISSION - Y02T: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION ## Abstract A full duplex, low latency, near field data link controls a resonant induction, wireless power transfer system for recharging batteries. In an electric vehicle embodiment, an assembly is aligned with respect to a ground assembly to receive a charging signal. The vehicle assembly includes one or more charging coils and a first full duplex inductively coupled data communication system that communicates with a ground assembly including one or more charging coils and a second fill duplex inductively coupled data communications system. The charging coils of the ground assembly and the vehicle assembly are selectively enabled based on geometric positioning of the vehicle assembly relative to the ground assembly for charging. As appropriate, the transmit/receive system of the ground assembly and/or the vehicle assembly are adjusted to be of the same type to enable communication of charging management and control data between the ground assembly and the vehicle assembly during charging. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A charging system comprising: a first coil assembly comprising a charging coil and a first full duplex inductively coupled data communications system comprising a first transmit/receive system that transmits a first signal over a first inductive link and receives a second signal over a second inductive link; and a second coil assembly comprising a charging coil and a second full duplex inductively coupled data communication system comprising a second transmit/receive system that receives the first signal over the first inductive link and transmits the second signal over the second inductive link, wherein the first and second transmit/receive systems are adapted to be selectable among at least one of hardware, software, or firmware configurations that are adapted to modulate output signals and to demodulate input signals, and wherein the charging coil of the first coil assembly is configured to be disposed in parallel to the charging coil of the second coil assembly to receive a charging signal during charging and is selectively enabled to match a geometry of the second coil assembly during charging. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) A charging system as in claim 1, wherein the first transmit/receive system comprises a processor that processes data from at least one of the first coil assembly or external systems for transmission to the second coil assembly and processes data received from the second coil assembly for delivery to at least one of the first coil assembly or the external systems for processing. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) A charging system as in claim 2, wherein when a failure event is detected by the first coil assembly or received from the second coil assembly, the processor disables the charging signal. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) A charging system as in claim 1, wherein the second transmit/receive system comprises a processor that processes at least one of commands or data from at least one of the second coil assembly or external systems for transmission to the first coil assembly and processes data received from the first coil assembly for delivery to at least one of the second coil assembly or at least one of the external systems. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) A charging system as in claim 4, wherein the second coil assembly further comprises a digital interface, and the processor provides measurements related to the first signal, the second signal, and the charging signal to the digital interface. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) A charging system as in claim 5, wherein the measurements include at least one of signal strength, bit-error-rate, ratio of Energy per Bit to a Spectral Noise Density, frequency, or amplitude and phase shift at first and second antenna structures of the first coil assembly and second coil assembly. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) A charging system as in claim 6, wherein the external systems comprise an external processor, wherein the measurements are delivered via the digital interface to the external processor for at least one of alignment detection or closed loop charging system management and control. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) A charging system as in claim 7, wherein the external processor provides at least one of near real-time voltage and current measurements of the second coil assembly, thermal measurements of the second coil assembly, Z-gap changes, first coil assembly or second coil assembly failure alerts, alerts regarding mid-charging performance events, or additional sensing data related to the second coil assembly to the processor for transmission. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) A charging system as in claim 1, wherein the first signal and the second signal are configured as either narrowband or wideband signals depending on a stage of a charging cycle or whether a threshold of signal quality has been crossed. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) A charging system as in claim 1, wherein the first signal and the second signal are configured as an asynchronous spread spectrum signal. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) A charging system as in claim 10, wherein the first and second transmit and receive systems each comprise a direct sequence spread spectrum system that transmits code sequences that allow for the first and second transmit/receive systems to distinguish between signals and co-channel interference. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) A charging system as in claim 11, wherein the code sequences are complementary code sequences. ### Claim 13 (depends on 1) A charging system as in claim 1, wherein the at least one of hardware, software, or firmware are adapted to modulate the output signals using at least two of amplitude modulation, phase modulation, frequency modulation, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), or spread spectrum techniques. ### Claim 14 (depends on 13) A charging system as in claim 13, wherein the spread spectrum techniques comprise at least one of direct sequence spread spectrum, Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS), binary orthogonal keying (BOK), or frequency hopping. ### Claim 15 (depends on 1) A charging system as in claim 1, wherein the first and second transmit/receive systems each comprises a receiver, an analog to digital converter, a digital processor that processes data from at least one of the first coil assembly or external systems for transmission to the second coil assembly and processes data received from the second coil assembly for delivery to at least one of the first coil assembly and the external systems for processing, a digital to analog converter, or a transmitter. ### Claim 16 (depends on 15) A charging system as in claim 15, wherein the analog to digital converter and digital to analog converter are implemented as discrete integrated circuits and the digital processor is implemented as a field programmable gate array. ### Claim 17 (depends on 15) A charging system as in claim 15, wherein the analog to digital converter, digital processor, and digital to analog converter are implemented as firmware residing in an application-specific-integrated-circuit (ASIC). ### Claim 18 (depends on 15) A charging system as in claim 15, wherein the digital processor of each transmit/receive system processes input data for transmission and processes data received from the other transmit/receive system using software structures implemented on the digital processor. ### Claim 19 (depends on 15) A charging system as in claim 15, wherein the first and second transmit/receive systems each further comprises at least one bandpass filter. ### Claim 20 A method of charging a vehicle comprising: positioning a vehicle assembly with respect to a ground assembly so as to receive a charging signal, the vehicle assembly comprising one or more charging coils, with each charging coil having a first full duplex inductively coupled data communication system comprising a first transmit/receive system that receives a first signal over a first inductive link and transmits a second signal over a second inductive link, and the ground assembly comprising one or more charging coils, with each charging coil having a second full duplex inductively coupled data communications system comprising a second transmit/receive system that transmits the first signal over the first inductive link and receives the second signal over the second inductive link; selectively enabling the charging coils of the ground assembly and the vehicle assembly based on geometric positioning of the vehicle assembly relative to the ground assembly for charging; and communicating charging management and control data between the first and second transmit/receive systems over the first and second inductive links during charging. ### Claim 21 (depends on 20) A method as in claim 20, further comprising configuring the first transmit/receive system and the second transmit/receive system to have a same type of at least one of hardware, software, or firmware adapted to modulate the output signals using at least two of amplitude modulation, phase modulation, frequency modulation, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), or spread spectrum techniques. ### Claim 22 (depends on 21) A method as in claim 21, wherein the spread spectrum techniques comprise at least one of direct sequence spread spectrum, Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS), binary orthogonal keying (BOK), or frequency hopping. ### Claim 23 (depends on 20) A method as in claim 20, further comprising communicating at least one of software updates, diagnostic or telemetry information, or passenger entertainment services data between the ground assembly and the vehicle assembly via the first and second inductive links during charging. ### Claim 24 (depends on 20) A method as in claim 20, further comprising disabling the charging signal when a failure event is detected by the ground assembly or received from the vehicle assembly. ### Claim 25 (depends on 20) A method as in claim 20, further comprising the first transmit/receive system processing at least one of commands or data from at least one of the vehicle assembly or from external systems for transmission to the ground assembly and processing data received from the ground assembly for delivery to at least one of the vehicle assembly or at least one of the external systems. ### Claim 26 (depends on 25) A method as in claim 25, further comprising providing measurements related to the first signal, the second signal, and the charging signal to a digital interface for processing. ### Claim 27 (depends on 26) A method as in claim 26, wherein the measurements include at least one of signal strength, ratio of Energy per Bit to a Spectral Noise Density, frequency, or amplitude and phase shift at first and second antenna structures of the vehicle assembly and ground assembly. ### Claim 28 (depends on 27) A method as in claim 27, further comprising delivering the measurements via the digital interface to an external processor for at least one of alignment detection or closed loop charging system management and control. ### Claim 29 (depends on 28) A method as in claim 28, further comprising transmitting at least one of near real-time voltage and current measurements on the vehicle assembly, thermal measurements of the vehicle assembly, Z-gap changes due to loading or unloading of a vehicle containing the vehicle assembly, ground assembly or vehicle assembly failure alerts, alerts regarding mid-charging performance events, or additional sensing data related to the vehicle assembly from the vehicle assembly to the ground assembly. ### Claim 30 (depends on 20) A method as in claim 20, further comprising configuring the first signal and the second signal as either narrowband or wideband signals depending on a stage of a charging cycle or whether a threshold of signal quality has been crossed. ### Claim 31 (depends on 20) A method as in claim 20, further comprising configuring the first signal and the second signal as an asynchronous spread spectrum signal. ### Claim 32 (depends on 31) A method as in claim 31, further comprising transmitting code sequences between the first and second transmit/receive systems that allow for the first and second transmit/receive systems to distinguish between signals and co-channel interference. ### Claim 33 (depends on 32) A method as in claim 32, wherein transmitting the code sequences comprises transmitting complementary code sequences.