Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

A process cartridge, comprising:

• an electrophotographic photosensitive member;
• the process cartridge integrally supporting the electrophotographic photosensitive member and at least one unit selected from the group consisting of a charging unit, a developing unit, and a cleaning unit;
• and
• the process cartridge being removably mounted on a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, wherein
• the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes (i) a support, (ii) an undercoat layer comprising metal oxide particles (α) and a binder resin (β), and (iii) a photosensitive member in this order,
• the metal oxide particles (α) comprise aluminum oxide particles and titanium oxide particles, the aluminum oxide particles being surface-treated with a silane coupling agent and the titanium oxide particles being surface-treated with a silane coupling agent,
• 1.0≤Mα/Mβ4.0 where Mα is a content of the metal oxide particles (α) and Mβ is a content of the binder resin (β) in the undercoat layer,
• a total of a content of the aluminum oxide particles and a content of the titanium oxide particles in the undercoat layer is 50 mass % or more with respect to the metal oxide particles (a) in the undercoat layer, and
• 0.25≤MAl/MTi≤1,000 where MAl is a content of the aluminum oxide particles and MTi is a content of the titanium oxide particles in the undercoat layer.

An electrophotographic apparatus, comprising:

• an electrophotographic photosensitive member;
• and
• at least one unit selected from the group consisting of a charging unit, an exposing unit, a developing unit, and a transferring unit, wherein
• the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes (i) a support, (ii) an undercoat layer comprising metal oxide particles (α) and a binder resin (β), and (iii) photosensitive member in this order,
• the metal oxide particles (α) comprise aluminum oxide particles and titanium oxide particles, the aluminum oxide particles being surface-treated with a silane coupling agent and the titanium oxide particles being surface-treated with a silane coupling agent,
• 1.0≤Mα/Mβ≤4.0 where Mα is a content of the metal oxide particles (α) and Mβ is a content of the binder resin (β) in the undercoat layer,
• a total of a content of the aluminum oxide particles and a content of the titanium oxide particles in the undercoat layer is 50 mass % or more with respect to the metal oxide particles (α) in the undercoat layer, and
• 0.25≤MAl/MTi≤1,000 where MAl is a content of the aluminum oxide particles and MTi is a content of the titanium oxide particles in the undercoat layer.