# US 11,111,780 B2 · Distributed acoustic sensing system with phase modulator for mitigating faded channels

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- Number: US 11,111,780 B2
- Document ID: US11111780B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 16/477,094
- Filed: 2017-02-21
- Published: 2019-11-21
- Granted: 2021-09-07
- Earliest claimed: 2017-02-21
- Assignees: Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
- Applicants: Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
- Inventors: David Andrew Barfoot; John Herbert Dailing; Ira Jeffrey Bush
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11111780B2

## CPC

- E21B 47/107: using acoustic means
- G01M 11/085: {the optical fiber being on or near the surface of the DUT}
- E21B 47/135: using light waves, e.g. infrared or ultraviolet waves
- G01H 9/004: {using fibre optic sensors (light guides per se G02B6/00, acousto-optical devices specially adapted for gating or modulating in optical wave guides G02F1/125)}
- G01M 5/0025: {of elongated objects, e.g. pipes, masts, towers or railways (G01M5/0058 takes precedence)}
- G01M 5/0066: {by exciting or detecting vibration or acceleration (vibration testing of structures G01M7/00)}
- G01N 29/14: using acoustic emission techniques {(echo of particles G01N29/046; measuring mechanical vibrations or acoustic waves in solids in general G01H1/00)}
- G01N 29/2418: {using optoacoustic interaction with the material, e.g. laser radiation, photoacoustics (photoacoustic cells G01N21/1702; measuring characteristics of vibrations by using radiation-sensitive means G01H9/00; acousto-optical conversion techniques for short-range imaging G01S15/8965; sound-producing devices using laser bundle G10K15/046)}
- G01V 8/02: Prospecting
- G01N 2291/02836: Flow rate, liquid level
- G01N 2291/02881: Temperature
- G02B 26/06: for controlling the phase of light (G02B26/08 takes precedence {, measuring optical phase difference G01J9/00})
- E21B: EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- G01M: TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01H: MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
- G01N: INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (measuring or testing apparatus or processes other than immunoassay, involving enzymes or microorganisms C12M, C12Q)
- G01V: GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS (means for indicating the location of accidentally buried, e.g. snow-buried, persons A63B29/02)
- G02B: OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS

## Abstract

Faded channels in a distributed acoustic sensing system can be mitigated using a phase modulator. A first pulse and a second pulse of an optical signal can be determined. A phase modulator can modulate the first pulse to have a different wavelength than the second pulse. The first pulse can be launched into a sensing fiber that extends into a wellbore. A first backscattered signal can be received from the sensing fiber in response to the first pulse being launched into the sensing fiber. The second pulse can be launched into the sensing fiber and a second backscattered signal can be received from the sensing fiber. Data about an environment of the wellbore can be determined by processing the first backscattered signal and the second backscattered signal to compensate for fading in the first backscattered signal or the second backscattered signal.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method comprising:
determining a first pulse and a second pulse of an optical signal;
modulating, by a phase modulator, the first pulse to have a different wavelength than the second pulse;
launching the first pulse into a sensing fiber that extends into a wellbore; receiving a first backscattered signal from the sensing fiber in response to launching the first pulse into the sensing fiber;
launching the second pulse into the sensing fiber;
receiving a second backscattered signal from the sensing fiber in response to launching the second pulse into the sensing fiber; and
determining data about an environment of the wellbore by processing the first backscattered signal and the second backscattered signal to compensate for fading in the first backscattered signal or the second backscattered signal, further comprising:
determining first data about the environment of the wellbore from the first backscattered signal;
analyzing the first data to determine a first portion of the first data that experienced fading that exceeds a threshold value and to determine that the first portion describes a segment of the environment of the wellbore;
determining second data about the environment of the wellbore from the second backscattered signal;
analyzing the second data to determine a second portion of the second data describes the segment of the environment of the wellbore; and
determining the data about the environment of the wellbore by combining the first data and the second data such that fading is mitigated by using the second portion to describe the segment rather than the first portion.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein modulating the first pulse to have the different wavelength than the second pulse comprises:
shifting, by the phase modulator, a first frequency of the first pulse by an amount; and
shifting, by the phase modulator, a second frequency of the second pulse by a negative version of the amount.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein modulating the first pulse to have the different wavelength than the second pulse comprises the phase modulator being driven by a linear ramp function, wherein a slope of the ramp determines a rate of phase change provided by the phase modulator.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein determining the first pulse and the second pulse of the optical signal comprises receiving the optical signal from an optical source, wherein modulating the first pulse to have the different wavelength than the second pulse comprises modulating a cavity length of the optical source using a voltage controlled piezoelectric actuator.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein determining the first pulse and the second pulse of the optical signal comprises determining the first pulse, the second pulse, and a third pulse, the method further comprising:
modulating, by the phase modulator, the third pulse to have a different wavelength than the first pulse or the second pulse;
launching the third pulse into the sensing fiber; and
receiving a third backscattered signal from the sensing fiber in response to launching the third pulse into the sensing fiber,
wherein determining the data about the environment of the wellbore further comprises processing the first backscattered signal, the second backscattered signal, and the third backscattered signal to mitigate the fading that occurs in the first backscattered signal, the second backscattered signal, and the third backscattered signal.

### Claim 6 (depends on 5)

The method of claim 5, wherein modulating the first pulse to have the different wavelength than the second pulse comprises shifting, by the phase modulator, a first frequency of the first pulse by an amount, wherein modulating the third pulse to have the different wavelength than the first pulse or the second pulse comprises shifting, by the phase modulator, a second frequency of the third pulse by a negative version of the amount, wherein launching the second pulse into the sensing fiber comprises launching the second pulse, unmodulated, into the sensing fiber.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein determining the first pulse and the second pulse of the optical signal comprises receiving a first optical signal from a first optical source, the method further comprising:
receiving a second optical signal from a second optical source, the second optical signal comprising a third pulse with a different wavelength than the first pulse or the second pulse;
launching the third pulse into the sensing fiber; and
receiving a third backscattered signal from the sensing fiber in response to launching the third pulse into the sensing fiber,
wherein determining the data about the environment of the wellbore further comprises processing the first backscattered signal, the second backscattered signal, and the third backscattered signal to compensate for fading in the first backscattered signal, the second backscattered signal, and the third backscattered signal.

### Claim 8

A system comprising:
an optical source for generating an optical signal comprising a first pulse and a second pulse;
a phase modulator communicatively coupleable to the optical source for receiving the optical signal comprising the first pulse and the second pulse and for modulating the first pulse to have a different wavelength than the second pulse;
a sensing fiber that is extendable into a wellbore, the phase modulator being communicatively coupleable to the sensing fiber for carrying the first pulse and the second pulse; and
an optical receiver communicatively coupleable to the sensing fiber for receiving a first backscattered signal formed in response to the first pulse propagating through the sensing fiber and for receiving a second backscattered signal formed from the second pulse, the optical receiver being communicatively coupleable to a processing device that is usable to determine data about an environment of the wellbore by processing the first backscattered signal and the second backscattered signal and combining a first portion of the first backscattered signal with a second portion of the second backscattered signal to compensate for fading in the first backscattered signal or the second backscattered signal.

### Claim 9 (depends on 8)

The system of claim 8, wherein the phase modulator is further communicatively coupleable to the optical source for:
shifting a first frequency of the first pulse by an amount; and
shifting a second frequency of the second pulse by a negative version of the amount.

### Claim 10 (depends on 8)

The system of claim 8, wherein the phase modulator is communicatively coupleable to the optical source for performing serrodyne modulation, the system further comprising a linear ramp function generator communicatively coupleable to the phase modulator for controlling a rate of phase change of the phase modulator based on a slope of a linear ramp function.

### Claim 11 (depends on 8)

The system of claim 8, further comprising a voltage controlled piezoelectric actuator for modulating a cavity length of the optical source such that the cavity length is different during generation of the first pulse as compared to the second pulse.

### Claim 12 (depends on 8)

The system of claim 8, wherein the phase modulator modulates the first pulse by shifting a frequency of the first pulse such that a collision of a portion of the first backscattered signal with the first pulse in the sensing fiber is constructive.

### Claim 13 (depends on 8)

The system of claim 8, wherein the optical source comprises a plurality of optical sources, each optical signal of the plurality of optical sources for generating a plurality of optical signals, each of the optical signals of the plurality of optical signals comprising a plurality of pulses, the optical signal being a first optical signal of the plurality of optical signals, wherein the phase modulator comprises a plurality of phase modulators for modulating at least one pulse of the plurality of pulses of each of the optical signals of the plurality of optical signals to have a different wavelength than other pulses of each of the optical signals of the plurality of optical signals.

### Claim 14

A non-transitory computer-readable medium in which instructions are stored, the instructions being executable by a processing device for causing the processing device to:
receive first data associated with a first backscattered signal generated based on a first pulse of an optical signal propagating through a sensing fiber extendable into a wellbore;
receive second data associated with a second backscattered signal generated based on a second pulse of the optical signal propagating through the sensing fiber, the second pulse having a different wavelength than the first pulse as a result of a phase modulator modulating a wavelength of the second pulse;
determine fading occurred in a faded portion of the first data associated with a segment of an environment of the wellbore;
cause the phase modulator to shift a frequency of the second pulse such that fading is reduced in a select portion of the second data associated with the segment of the environment of the wellbore; and
determine data about the environment of the wellbore by combining (i) the select portion of the second data in which fading was reduced, and (ii) a portion of the first data that does not include the faded portion.

### Claim 15 (depends on 14)

The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14, further comprising instructions that are executable to cause the phase modulator to shift the frequency of the second pulse by adjusting a slope of a ramp signal generated by a linear ramp function generator communicatively coupled to the phase modulator.

### Claim 16 (depends on 14)

The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14, further comprising instructions that are executable to shift the frequency of the second pulse by adjusting a voltage applied to a voltage controlled piezoelectric actuator for modulating a cavity length of an optical source that generates the optical signal.