High dose output, through transmission and relective target X-ray system and methods of use

An x-ray tube for accelerating electrons under a high voltage potential, the x-ray tube comprising:

• a housing;
• a target anode structure disposed on said housing, said anode structure configured in a hemispherical shape having a center of a circle created by a 2D base, wherein the anode structure disposed on the housing is formed of a low Z material, and wherein the target anode structure has a target element coated thereon that has a thickness ranging between 2 and 50 microns;
• a cathode structure disposed in said housing, wherein the cathode structure is configured to facilitate deflection of the electrons along a trajectory toward said anode structure;
• a filament disposed in said housing, said filament positioned proximate said center of a circle created by a 2D base of said hemispherical shape and between said anode structure and said cathode structure, wherein said evacuated housing is configured to vacuum seal therein said anode structure, said cathode structure, and said filament, wherein the low Z material of the anode structure, the thickness of the target element, and the hemispherical shape of the anode structure facilitate, based on the electrons contacting the target element, generation of forward photons traveling in a same direction as the electrons and reflected photons traveling in different directions as the electrons, and facilitate utilization of the forward photons and reflected photons to irradiate samples positioned in the same direction as the electrons and in the different directions including around the housing of the x-ray tube.