# US 11,079,314 B1 · Photothermal deflection spectroscopy method for heating-cooling discrimination

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- Number: US 11,079,314 B1
- Document ID: US11079314B1
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B1
- Application number: 16/141,910
- Filed: 2018-09-25
- Granted: 2021-08-03
- Earliest claimed: 2017-09-26
- Assignees: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy
- Applicants: The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of the Navy
- Inventors: Ross S. Fontenot; Veerendra K. Mathur; John H. Barkyoumb
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11079314B1

## CPC

- G01N 21/171: {with calorimetric detection, e.g. with thermal lens detection}
- G01K 17/00: Measuring quantity of heat (measuring temperature by calorimetry G01K3/00 - G01K11/00; specially adapted for measuring thermal properties of materials, e.g. specific heat, heat of combustion G01N)
- G01N: INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (measuring or testing apparatus or processes other than immunoassay, involving enzymes or microorganisms C12M, C12Q)
- G01K: MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (radiation pyrometry G01J5/00)

## Abstract

According to exemplary practice of the present invention, a probe laser beam is aligned with a position detector and is spatially/geometrically related to a pump laser beam. A temperature gradient is produced in a medium by the pump beam. Since an increase or decrease in the temperature of the medium is related to an increase or decrease in the refractive index of the medium, position sensing of the deflection of the probe beam relative to the pump beam indicates whether the medium is heating or cooling.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method for determining whether heating or cooling of a medium is associated with impingement thereupon by laser energy, the method comprising:
configuring a probe laser beam, a position sensitive detector, and a sample, said configuring including aligning said probe laser beam with said position sensitive detector so that said probe laser beam passes through said sample and is normal to said position sensitive detector;
causing said sample to absorb photons of a pump laser beam so as to produce a temperature gradient in said sample, said causing of said sample to absorb said photons including directing said pump laser beam relative to said probe laser beam so that said pump laser beam passes through said sample and is parallel to and completely separated from said probe laser beam in said sample in the absence of said absorption by said sample of said photons, wherein said sample is characterized by a first sample temperature in the absence of said absorption by said sample of said photons, and wherein said sample is characterized by a second sample temperature upon said absorption by said sample of said photons;
determining a deflection of said probe laser beam with respect to said pump laser beam, wherein said deflection of said probe laser beam with respect to said pump laser beam is indicative of whether said second sample temperature is greater than or less than said first sample temperature, said second sample temperature corresponding to said temperature gradient produced by said absorption by said sample of said photons of said pump laser beam;
wherein if said deflection of said probe laser beam with respect to said pump laser beam is toward said pump laser beam, then said pump laser beam is producing a said temperature gradient whereby said second sample temperature is less than said first sample temperature, said absorption of said photons by said sample bringing about a decrease in said sample temperature characterizing said sample from said first sample temperature to said second sample temperature, said temperature gradient being a cooling gradient resulting in an increase in the refractive index of said sample, said deflection of said probe laser beam thereby indicating that said pump laser beam is cooling at least a portion of said sample, wherein said cooling of said at least a portion of said sample is anti-Stokes cooling characterized by anti-Stokes emission of photons from said sample;
wherein if said deflection of said probe laser beam with respect to said pump laser beam is away from said pump laser beam, then said pump laser beam is producing a said temperature gradient whereby said second sample temperature is greater than said first sample temperature, said absorption of said photons by said sample bringing about an increase in said sample temperature characterizing said sample from said first sample temperature to said second sample temperature, said temperature gradient being a heating gradient resulting in a decrease in the refractive index of said sample, said deflection of said probe laser beam thereby indicating that said pump laser beam is heating at least a portion of said sample.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein said determining of said deflection of said probe laser beam with respect to said pump laser beam includes calibrating said probe laser beam with respect to said position sensitive detector.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein if there is no said deflection of said probe laser beam with respect to said pump laser beam, then said second sample temperature equals said first sample temperature.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein said causing of said sample to absorb photons of said pump laser beam is performed so that, in said sample, said probe laser beam and said pump laser beam are counter-propagating with respect to each other.

### Claim 5 (depends on 4)

The method of claim 4, wherein if there is no said deflection of said probe laser beam with respect to said pump laser beam, then said second sample temperature equals said first sample temperature.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein said causing of said sample to absorb photons of said pump laser beam includes transmitting said pump laser beam through a right-angle prism.

### Claim 7 (depends on 6)

The method of claim 6, wherein if there is no said deflection of said probe laser beam with respect to said pump laser beam, then said second sample temperature equals said first sample temperature.

### Claim 8

A method for testing temperature effect of electromagnetic propagation through a substance, the method comprising providing an original test material, a position detector, a probe laser for transmitting a probe laser beam, and a pump laser for transmitting a pump laser beam, the method further comprising:
transmitting said probe laser beam through said original test material to said position detector, said original test material thereby becoming a probe-lasered test material, said probe-lasered test material characterized by a first material temperature, wherein, in the absence of said transmission of said pump laser beam through said test material, said probe laser beam describes a geometric normal with respect to said position detector;
transmitting said pump laser beam through said probe-lasered test material so as to produce a temperature gradient region in said probe-lasered test material, said probe-lasered test material thereby becoming a probe-and-pump lasered test material, said probe-and-pump lasered test material including said temperature gradient region and characterized by a second material temperature, said second material temperature corresponding to said temperature gradient region produced by said pump laser beam, said transmitting of said pump laser beam being performed so that said pump laser beam does not intersect, in said probe-lasered test material, said probe laser beam that describes a geometric normal with respect to said position detector;
observing an angular change, in said temperature gradient region that said probe-and-pump lasered test material includes, of said probe laser beam with respect to said geometric normal wherein:
a said angular change of said probe laser beam away from said pump laser beam indicates that said pump laser beam is producing a said temperature gradient region whereby said second material temperature is higher than said first material temperature, said pump laser beam thereby heating said probe-lasered test material;
a said angular change of said probe laser beam toward said pump laser beam indicates that said pump laser beam is producing a said temperature gradient region whereby said second material temperature is lower than said first material temperature, said pump laser beam thereby cooling said probe-lasered test material, wherein said cooling of said probe-lasered test material is anti-Stokes cooling characterized by anti-Stokes emission of photons from said probe-lasered test material.

### Claim 9 (depends on 8)

The method for testing temperature effect as recited in claim 8, wherein said pump laser beam is parallel to said probe laser beam that describes a geometric normal with respect to said position detector.

### Claim 10 (depends on 8)

The method for testing temperature effect as recited in claim 8, wherein said pump laser beam is counter-propagative with respect to said probe laser beam that describes a geometric normal with respect to said position detector.

### Claim 11 (depends on 8)

The method for testing temperature effect as recited in claim 8, wherein zero said angular change of said probe laser beam with respect to said geometric normal indicates that said first material temperature and said second material temperature are equal.

### Claim 12 (depends on 11)

The method for testing temperature effect as recited in claim 11, wherein said pump laser beam is parallel to said probe laser beam that describes a geometric normal with respect to said position detector.

### Claim 13 (depends on 11)

The method for testing temperature effect as recited in claim 11, wherein said pump laser beam is counter-propagative with respect to said probe laser beam that describes a geometric normal with respect to said position detector.