Limonene-based, non-halogenated flame retardants for polymeric applications

A method of forming a polymer, comprising:

• reacting a limonene-based derivative with a phosphorous-containing molecule to form a limonene-based compound having the structure
• each FR includes a phosphonate group, and
• each R is independently alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or substituted alkenyl;
• and
• chemically reacting the limonene-based compound with one or more polymers to form the polymer.

A method of forming a composition, comprising:

• reacting a limonene-based derivative with a phosphorous-containing molecule to form a limonene-based compound having the structure
• each FR includes a phosphonate group, and
• each R is independently alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or substituted alkenyl;
• and
• blending the limonene-based compound with one or more polymers to form the composition.