A reaction mixture, comprising a compound of formula (I), a compound of formula (II), and a base,
- wherein in formula (I),
- B is an unsaturated moiety selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted vinylene, ethynylene, aryleneethynylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylenevinylene, and a combination thereof, wherein the vinylene or arylenevinylene has n substituent(s) R2 independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkenynyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, allyl, benzyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, cycloalkenynyl, alkanoyl, aryloyl, alkylsilyl, arylsilyl, alkoxysilyl, aryloxysilyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heterocyclic ring, heteroaromatic ring, alkylsulfinyl, arylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, ester derivatives, amide derivatives and metal salt derivatives of phosphonic acid group, phosphinic acid group, boric acid group, carboxylic acid group, sulfinic acid group, sulfonic acid group, sulfamic acid group and amino acid group, aliphatic moieties having a repeating unit of —(OCH2CH2)qOCH3, —(OCH2CH(CH3))qOCH3 —(CH2)qCF3, —(CF2)qCF3 or —(CH2)qCH3, in which q=1, aliphatic chains having a moiety of (OR18)rOR19, in which R18 is a divalent C1-7 alkylene moiety, R19 is C1-20 alkyl and 1≤r≤50, and substituent groups obtained by further substituting the above mentioned substituent groups with ester group, amino acid group, halo, epoxy group, amino, amido, acyl, organosilyl, organotin, organogermyl, nitro, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkylthio, heteroarylthio, arylthiol, or an ester derivative, an amide derivative or a metal salt derivative of phosphonic acid group, phosphinic acid group, boric acid group, carboxylic acid group, sulfinic acid group, sulfonic acid group, sulfamic acid group or amino acid group, n is 0, 1 or 2, and when n is 2, the two R2 may be the same or different, and may joint together to form a ring;
- G is an electron-withdrawing group selected from the group consisting of oxygen-containing electron-withdrawing groups, nitrogen-containing electron-withdrawing groups, sulfur-containing electron-withdrawing groups, phosphorous-containing electron-withdrawing groups, electron-withdrawing aromatic groups, electron-withdrawing heteroaromatic groups, halogen-substituted alkyl groups, and halogen atoms;
- R1 is hydrogen, or deuterium, or a substituent that is less electron-withdrawing than the electron-withdrawing group G, or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkenynyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, allyl, benzyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, cycloalkenynyl, alkylsilyl, arylsilyl, alkoxysilyl or aryloxysily, or a substituent obtained by substituting any of the above unsubstituted groups with epoxy, amino, organosilyl, organotin, organogermyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkylthio, heteroarylthio or arylthio;
- and
- two of R1, R2 and G may joint together to form a ring;
- in formula (II),
- each of R3 and R4 is independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group from which R2 is selected, wherein R3 and R4 are the same or different, and may joint together to form a ring;
- and
- R5 is an electron-withdrawing group selected from the group consisting of oxygen-containing electron-withdrawing groups, nitrogen-containing electron-withdrawing groups, sulfur-containing electron-withdrawing groups, phosphorous-containing electron-withdrawing groups, electron-withdrawing aromatic groups, electron-withdrawing heteroaromatic groups, halogen-substituted alkyl groups, and halogen atoms;
- and
- a conjugate acid of the base has a pKa in a range from 1 to 15, wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of bases containing carbonate anion, bases containing bicarbonate anion, nitrogen-containing bases, and fluoride containing bases.