Ion permeable composite current collectors for metal-ion batteries and cell design using the same

A Li-ion battery cell, comprising:

• ion-permeable anode and cathode electrodes connected to respective first and second tabs;
• an electrolyte ionically coupling the ion-permeable anode electrode and the ion-permeable cathode electrode;
• a separator electrically separating the ion-permeable anode electrode and the ion-permeable cathode electrode;
• and
• a sacrificial electrode comprising a high-capacity Li composition for providing Li to the ion-permeable anode electrode and/or the ion-permeable cathode electrode, wherein the sacrificial electrode is connected to a third tab that is electrically isolated from the first and second tabs, and wherein the high-capacity Li composition comprises a surface coating that is separate from the electrolyte, covers substantially all of an exposed surface of the high-capacity Li composition, and is configured to prevent the high-capacity Li composition from interaction with dry air when the surface coating is directly exposed to an oxygen-containing environment,
• wherein the high-capacity Li composition exhibits a volumetric capacity in excess of 1000 mAh/cc.