Complete oxidation of sugars to electricity by using cell-free synthetic enzymatic pathways

A system for electricity generation, comprising:

• a solution comprising a sugar, enzymes, and an electrolyte;
• a fuel cell comprising an anode disposed in an anode compartment and a cathode disposed in a cathode compartment;
• and
• an electrical generator,
• wherein the solution and the electrical generator are in contact with the fuel cell;
• wherein the electrolyte comprises a pH-control buffer containing metal ions, NAD+ or NADH or a biomimic thereof, and thiamine pyrophosphate;
• and
• wherein the enzymes comprise glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, ribose 5-phosphate isomerase, ribulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase, transketolase, transaldolase, triose phosphate isomerase, aldolase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and an enzyme capable of oxidizing NADH or a reduced biomimic thereof.