Electrical double layer in nanopores for detection and identification of molecules and submolecular units

An electrical double layer (EDL) nanopore device comprising:

• an insulating substrate defining a nanopore therethrough;
• a nanopore electrode exposed in a portion of the nanopore wherein the nanopore electrode defines a conductive ring surface exposed around an inner surface of the nanopore along its depth in a conductive ring;
• an electrolyte in contact with the nanopore electrode;
• a reference electrode in contact with the electrolyte;
• and
• a meter electrically coupled between the nanopore electrode and the reference electrode,
• wherein the meter is configured to measure a charging potential of an EDL capacitance, ionic current, analyte mobility, or combinations thereof and to correlate the measurements with one or more properties of an analyte and/or an identity of the analyte.