# US 10,873,261 B2 · Peak current estimation based on output capacitor parameters and change of output voltage > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 10,873,261 B2 - Document ID: US10873261B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 16/407,768 - Filed: 2019-05-09 - Published: 2020-11-12 - Granted: 2020-12-22 - Earliest claimed: 2019-05-09 - Assignees: Infineon Technologies Austria AG - Applicants: Infineon Technologies Austria AG - Inventors: Zhiqing You; Tim Ng - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US10873261B2 ## CPC - H02M 3/156: with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators - H02M 1/08: Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters - H02M 1/32: Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection - H02M 3/158: including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load - H02M 1/0009: {Devices or circuits for detecting current in a converter} - H02M: APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF (transformers H01F; dynamo-electric converters H02K47/00; controlling transformers, reactors or choke coils, control or regulation of electric motors, generators or dynamo-electric converters H02P) ## Abstract A controller of a switching voltage regulator estimates a load current based upon a current within the voltage regulator, a change in the output voltage of the voltage regulator, and the capacitance and/or equivalent series resistance (ESR) of an output capacitor. For sharp drops in the output voltage, the output capacitor's ESR provides a better estimate of the load current, whereas the output capacitance provides a better estimate for moderate output voltage drops. These techniques allow the voltage regulator controller to more quickly detect excessive load current, and issue an over current warning to the load with little latency. The fast response afforded by these techniques provides the load, e.g., a CPU or GPU, sufficient time to reduce its current, thereby avoiding a complete shutdown due to excessive load current. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method, within a switching voltage regulator, for estimating a load current provided to a load of the switching voltage regulator, the method comprising: sensing an inductor current of the switching voltage regulator; sensing an output voltage of the switching voltage regulator; determining a voltage change in the sensed output voltage; estimating a peak current of the load current based upon the inductor current, the voltage change, and a capacitor parameter of an output capacitor of the switching voltage regulator, wherein the capacitor parameter comprises an output capacitor equivalent series resistance (ESR); wherein estimating the peak current comprises calculating the peak current based upon the inductor current, the voltage change, and the output capacitor ESR, wherein calculating the peak current comprises dividing the voltage change by the output capacitor ESR and adding a result of the division to the inductor current. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein sensing the output voltage comprises sensing a first output voltage at a first time instant, and sensing a second output voltage at a second time instant that occurs after the first time instant; wherein determining the voltage change comprises taking a difference between the second and first output voltages; and wherein the inductor current is sensed at or before the second time instant. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the capacitor parameter also comprises an output capacitance, the method further comprising: estimating a second peak current based upon the inductor current, the voltage change, a time interval over which the voltage change occurs, and the output capacitance. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising: comparing the estimated peak current with a current warning threshold; and generating a current warning signal responsive to detecting that the estimated peak current equals or exceeds the current warning threshold. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising: retrieving the capacitor parameter from a memory of the switching voltage regulator. ### Claim 6 A switching voltage regulator configured to estimate a load current provided to a load of the switching voltage regulator, the switching voltage regulator comprising: a power stage; an output for coupling to the load and for providing the load current; an output capacitor coupled to the output and having capacitor parameters comprising an output capacitance and an output capacitor equivalent series resistance (ESR); an inductor coupled between the power stage and the output, and having an inductor current; and a controller configured to: sense the inductor current; sense an output voltage at the output; determine a voltage change in the sensed output voltage; estimate a peak current of the load current based upon the sensed inductor current, the voltage change, and at least one of the capacitor parameters; calculate the estimated peak current based upon the inductor current, the voltage change, and the output capacitor ESR, wherein the controller is configured to calculate the estimated peak current by dividing the voltage change by the output capacitor ESR and adding a result of the division to the inductor current. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) The switching voltage regulator of claim 6, wherein the controller is configured to: sense a first output voltage at a first time instant, sense a second output voltage at a second time instant that occurs after the first time instant, and determine the voltage change based on a difference between the second and the first output voltages; and sense the inductor current at or before the second time instant. ### Claim 8 (depends on 6) The switching voltage regulator of claim 6, wherein the controller is further configured to: estimate a second peak current based upon the inductor current, the voltage change, a time interval over which the voltage change occurs, and the output capacitance. ### Claim 9 (depends on 6) The switching voltage regulator of claim 6, wherein the controller is further configured to: compare the estimated peak current with a current warning threshold; and generate a current warning signal responsive to detecting that the estimated peak current equals or exceeds the current warning threshold. ### Claim 10 (depends on 6) The switching voltage regulator of claim 6, further comprising: a memory wherein at least one of the capacitor parameters is stored, wherein the controller is configured to retrieve at least one of the capacitor parameters from the memory prior to estimating the peak current. ### Claim 11 A method, within a switching voltage regulator, for estimating a load current provided to a load of the switching voltage regulator, the method comprising: sensing an inductor current of the switching voltage regulator; sensing an output voltage of the switching voltage regulator; determining a voltage change in the sensed output voltage; estimating a peak current of the load current based upon the inductor current, the voltage change, and a capacitor parameter of an output capacitor of the switching voltage regulator, wherein the capacitor parameter comprises an output capacitance; wherein estimating the peak current comprises calculating the peak current based upon the inductor current, the voltage change, a time interval over which the voltage change occurs, and the output capacitance, wherein estimating the peak current comprises dividing the voltage change by the time interval and multiplying a result of the division by the output capacitance. ### Claim 12 A switching voltage regulator configured to estimate a load current provided to a load of the switching voltage regulator, the switching voltage regulator comprising: a power stage; an output for coupling to the load and for providing the load current; an output capacitor coupled to the output and having capacitor parameters comprising an output capacitance and an output capacitor equivalent series resistance (ESR); an inductor coupled between the power stage and the output, and having an inductor current; and a controller configured to: sense the inductor current; sense an output voltage at the output; determine a voltage change in the sensed output voltage; estimate a peak current of the load current based upon the sensed inductor current, the voltage change, and at least one of the capacitor parameters; calculate the estimated peak current based upon the inductor current, the voltage change, a time interval over which the voltage change occurs, and the output capacitance, wherein the controller is configured to calculate the estimated peak current by dividing the voltage change by the time interval and multiplying a result of the division by the output capacitance.