# US 10,866,034 B2 · Superconducting wire and waveguides with enhanced critical temperature, incorporating fractal plasmonic surfaces

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- Number: US 10,866,034 B2
- Document ID: US10866034B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 16/231,729
- Filed: 2018-12-24
- Published: 2019-07-04
- Granted: 2020-12-15
- Earliest claimed: 2012-10-01
- Assignees: Fractal Antenna Systems, Inc.
- Applicants: Fractal Antenna Systems, Inc.
- Inventors: Nathan Cohen
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US10866034B2

## CPC

- F28F 7/00: Elements not covered by group F28F1/00, F28F3/00 or F28F5/00
- F41H 3/00: Camouflage, i.e. means or methods for concealment or disguise (for vessels B63G8/34, B63G13/02 {; sound camouflage, i.e. simulating gun fire noise, F41A33/04; dummy or decoy targets F41J; chaff per se F41J2/00; ammunition for dispensing chaff F42B5/15, F42B12/70; radar absorbing fabrics H01Q17/005})
- G02B 1/002: {made of materials engineered to provide properties not available in nature, e.g. metamaterials}
- G02B 5/008: {Surface plasmon devices (diffractive gratings with a pitch less than or comparable to the wavelength G02B5/1809; surface plasmons in integrated optics G02B6/1226; optical analysis of materials by means of surface plasmons G01N21/553)}
- H01Q 1/364: {using a particular conducting material, e.g. superconductor}
- H01Q 15/004: {using superconducting materials or magnetised substrates}
- H01Q 17/008: {with a particular shape (H01Q17/007 takes precedence)}
- H02J 50/12: of the resonant type
- F25B 23/003: {using selective radiation effect}
- F28F 2245/06: having particular radiating, reflecting or absorbing features, e.g. for improving heat transfer by radiation
- F28F: DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION (water and air traps, air venting F16)
- F41H: ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- G02B: OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- H01Q: ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS (radiators or antennas for microwave heating H05B6/72)
- H02J: ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- F25B: REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

## Abstract

Systems according to the present disclosure provide one or more surfaces that function as power radiating surfaces for which at least a portion of the radiating surface includes or is composed of “fractal cells” placed sufficiently closed close together to one another so that a surface wave causes near replication of current present in one fractal cell in an adjacent fractal cell. The fractal cells may lie on a flat or curved sheet or layer and be composed in layers for wide bandwidth or multibandwidth transmission. The area of a surface and its number of fractals determines the gain relative to a single fractal cell. The boundary edges of the surface may be terminated resistively so as to not degrade the cell performance at the edges. The fractal plasmonic surfaces can be utilized to facilitate electrical conduction with lower ohmic resistance than would otherwise be possible in the absence of the fractal plasmonic surface(s) at the same temperature.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A plasmonically-coupled resonator system, the system comprising:
a plurality of close-packed fractal cells disposed on a supporting surface, wherein each fractal cell includes a fractal shape defining an electrical resonator, and wherein the plurality of fractal cells are positioned sufficiently close to one another to support plasmonic transfer of energy between the fractal cells; and
wherein, for a given temperature, the plasmonically-coupled resonator system supports lower ohmic resistance than a respective surface composed of a continuous conductor.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein the supporting surface is part of a substrate, and wherein the substrate comprises a low-loss material in the infrared region.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The system of claim 2, wherein the substrate comprises chalcogenide glass.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein the fractal shape comprises a conductive trace.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein the fractal shape comprises a slot, and wherein each resonator forms a slot antenna.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein the fractal shape is selected from the group consisting of a Koch fractal, a Minkowski fractal, a Cantor fractal, a torn square fractal, a Caley tree fractal, a monkey's swing fractal, a Sierpinski gasket, and a Julia fractal.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein the fractal shape is selected from the group consisting of a contour set fractal, a Sierpinski triangle fractal, a Menger sponge fractal, a dragon curve fractal, a space-filling curve fractal, a Koch curve fractal, an Lypanov fractal, and a Kleinian group fractal.

### Claim 8 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein the fractal cells are separated by about 1/20λ.

### Claim 9 (depends on 8)

The system of claim 8, wherein λ is in the visible spectrum.

### Claim 10 (depends on 8)

The system of claim 8, wherein λ is in the infrared spectrum.

### Claim 11 (depends on 8)

The system of claim 8, wherein λ is in the ultraviolet spectrum.

### Claim 12 (depends on 8)

The system of claim 8, wherein λ is in the RF spectrum corresponding to a RF frequency range.

### Claim 13 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of fractal cells are configured as a fractal plasmonic surface (FPS), wherein the FPS is operative to transfer heat from one location on the FPS to another desired location on the FPS.

### Claim 14 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of fractal cells are configured as a fractal plasmonic surface (FPS), wherein the FPS is operative to transfer power from one location on the FPS to another desired location on the FPS.

### Claim 15 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of fractal cells are configured as a fractal plasmonic surface (FPS), wherein the FPS is operative to dissipate heat from one location on the FPS across the surface area of the FPS.

### Claim 16 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of fractal cells are configured as a fractal plasmonic surface (FPS), wherein the FPS is operative to dissipate power from one location on the FPS across the surface area of the FPS.

### Claim 17 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein the support surface comprises chalcogenide glass.

### Claim 18

A plasmonically-coupled resonator system, the system comprising: a plurality of concentric shells, each shell including a substrate having first and second surfaces and a plurality of close-packed fractal cells disposed on a supporting surface, wherein each fractal cell includes a fractal shape defining an electrical resonator, and wherein the plurality of fractal cells are positioned sufficiently close to one another to support plasmonic transfer of energy between the fractal cells; and wherein, for a given temperature, the plasmonically-coupled resonator system supports lower ohmic resistance than a respective surface composed of a continuous conductor.