A method for inducing an immune response against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in a subject, vaccinating a subject against FMDV, or reducing severity of an FMDV infection in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of a composition comprising a FMDV viral protein to said subject, the FMDV viral protein selected from the group consisting of VP0, VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4 and FMDV virus-like particles (VLPs) and produced by a method comprising:
- (i) culturing a host cell in a suitable medium, the host cell comprising and expressing a polynucleotide encoding a FMDV P1 precursor polypeptide and a polynucleotide encoding a modified FMDV 3C protease, wherein the modified FMDV 3C protease comprises a L127 amino acid substitution of a wild-type FMDV 3C protease;
- and
- (ii) recovering said FMDV viral protein.