Heterogeneous membrane electrodes

A method of manufacturing a heterogeneous membrane comprising at least one hydrophilic compartment and at least one hydrophobic compartment, the method comprising the steps of:

• dissolving components of the at least one hydrophilic compartment in an aqueous solution;
• premixing components of the at least one hydrophobic compartment in an oil phase, wherein the components of the at least one hydrophobic compartment comprises a hydrophobic polymer and a cross-linker;
• admixing the aqueous solution and the oil phase to provide a substantially smooth blend while substantially avoiding foam formation;
• emulsifying the blend of the aqueous solution and oil phase to form an emulsified membrane cocktail;
• and
• printing the emulsified membrane cocktail onto an electrode carrier.

A method of manufacturing a heterogeneous membrane comprising at least one hydrophilic compartment and at least one hydrophobic compartment, the method comprising the steps of:

• dissolving components of the at least one hydrophilic compartment in an aqueous solution;
• premixing components of the at least one hydrophobic compartment in an oil phase;
• admixing the aqueous solution and the oil phase to provide a substantially smooth blend while substantially avoiding foam formation;
• emulsifying the blend of the aqueous solution and oil phase to form an emulsified membrane cocktail, wherein the step of emulsifying is carried out on ice, and the shear rate during the emulsifying step is gradually increased until a specific surface area of about 2.5 m2/ml is achieved, corresponding to a mean particle dimension of less than about 1 micrometer;
• and
• printing the emulsified membrane cocktail onto an electrode carrier.