Three-dimensional architected pyrolyzed electrodes for use in secondary batteries and methods of making three-dimensional architected electrodes

A method of making an electrode for an electrochemical cell, said method comprising:

• a. preparing a framework using an additive manufacturing process;
• said framework comprising a precursor material and characterized by a three-dimensional framework geometry comprising one or more nano-sized features, micro-sized features or both;
• and
• b. processing said framework structure via heat treatment under conditions to at least partially transform said framework into a structure having a nano- or micro-architected three-dimensional geometry;
• said structure comprising one or more active carbon allotrope materials;
• wherein said structure comprises at least 50% by volume of said one or more active carbon allotrope materials;
• wherein said three-dimensional electrode geometry is an isotropic or anisotropic lattice geometry, and wherein said lattice geometry is characterized by unit-cell dimensions selected over the range of 100 nm to 200 μm, beam diameters selected over the range of 20 nm to 50 μm, and densities of less than or equal to 2.3 g/cm−3.

A method of making an electrochemical cell, said method comprising:

• a. preparing a framework using an additive manufacturing process;
• said framework comprising a precursor material and characterized by a three-dimensional framework geometry comprising one or more nano-sized features, micro-sized features or both;
• b. processing said framework structure via heat treatment under conditions to at least partially transform said framework into a structure having a nano- or micro-architected three-dimensional geometry;
• wherein said structure comprises at least 50% by volume of said one or more active carbon allotrope materials;
• thereby generating an electrode;
• and
• c. providing said electrode in said electrochemical cell;
• wherein said three-dimensional electrode geometry is an isotropic or anisotropic lattice geometry, and wherein said lattice geometry is characterized by unit-cell dimensions selected over the range of 100 nm to 200 μm, beam diameters selected over the range of 20 nm to 50 μm, and densities of less than or equal to 2.3 g/cm−3.