# US 10,770,859 B2 · Short pulse wavelength tuning via timed soliton-dispersive wave interaction

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- Number: US 10,770,859 B2
- Document ID: US10770859B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 15/988,058
- Filed: 2018-05-24
- Published: 2019-01-03
- Granted: 2020-09-08
- Earliest claimed: 2017-05-24
- Assignees: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Applicants: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Inventors: Jason E. Langseth; Darren A. Rand
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US10770859B2

## CPC

- H01S 3/06725: {Fibre characterized by a specific dispersion, e.g. for pulse shaping in soliton lasers or for dispersion compensating [DCF]}
- H01S 3/0057: {Temporal shaping, e.g. pulse compression, frequency chirping (soliton generation and propagation G02F1/3513, H01S3/063 and H01S3/108)}
- H01S 3/0085: {Modulating the output, i.e. the laser beam is modulated outside the laser cavity}
- H01S 3/0092: {Nonlinear frequency conversion, e.g. second harmonic generation [SHG] or sum- or difference-frequency generation outside the laser cavity (nonlinear frequency conversion per se G02F1/35)}
- H01S 3/0809: {Two-wavelenghth emission}
- G02F 1/35: Non-linear optics
- H01S 3/1106: Mode locking
- H01S 3/2391: {emitting at different wavelengths}
- H01S: DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- G02F: OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS

## Abstract

When a soliton and a dispersive pulse propagate in an optical fiber, they can interact via cross-phase modulation, which occurs when one pulse modulates the refractive index experienced by the other pulse. Cross-phase modulation causes each pulse to shift in wavelength by an amount proportional to the time delay between the pulses. Changing the time delay between the pulses changes the wavelength shift of each pulse. This make it possible to produce pulses whose output wavelengths can be tuned over large ranges, e.g. hundreds of nm, in a time as short as the pulse repetition period of the laser (e.g., at rates of megahertz or gigahertz). Such a laser requires no moving parts, providing high reliability. The laser's optical path can be made entirely of optical fiber, providing high efficiency with low size, weight, and power consumption.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A laser system comprising:
a first laser source to emit a first pulse at a first wavelength;
a second laser source to emit a second pulse at a second wavelength different than the first wavelength;
a controller, operably coupled to at least one of the first laser source or the second laser source, to vary a time delay between the first pulse and the second pulse; and
an optical waveguide in optical communication with the first laser source and the second laser source and having a zero-dispersion wavelength between the first wavelength and the second wavelength, to guide the first pulse and the second pulse, cross-phase modulation in the optical waveguide causing the first pulse to shift the second wavelength by a first wavelength shift and the second pulse to shift the first wavelength by a second wavelength shift, the first wavelength shift and the second wavelength shift depending on the time delay.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The laser system of claim 1, wherein the first laser source is incoherent with respect to the second laser source.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The laser system of claim 1, wherein:
the first laser source comprises a first mode-locked laser;
the second laser source comprises a second mode-locked laser; and
the controller comprises a phase-locked loop, operably coupled to the first mode-locked laser and the second mode-locked laser, to synchronize emission of the first pulse by the first mode-locked laser with emission of the second pulse by the second mode-locked laser.

### Claim 4 (depends on 3)

The laser system of claim 3, wherein the phase-locked loop is configured to synchronize the first mode-locked laser to the second mode-locked laser with a timing jitter of less than 10 femtoseconds.

### Claim 5 (depends on 3)

The laser system of claim 3, wherein the controller is configured to detune a pulse repetition rate of the first mode-locked laser with respect to a pulse repetition rate of the second mode-locked laser so as to adjust the time delay.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The laser system of claim 1, wherein:
the first laser source comprises a mode-locked laser to emit the first pulse;
the second laser source comprises an optical parametric oscillator, in optical communication with the mode-locked laser, to emit the second pulse in response to the first pulse; and
the controller comprises an electro-optical element, in optical communication with the first laser source, to adjust the time delay.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The laser system of claim 1, wherein the first pulse has a first group velocity in the optical waveguide and the second pulse has a second group velocity in the optical waveguide substantially equal to the first group velocity.

### Claim 8 (depends on 1)

The laser system of claim 1, wherein the first pulse is a soliton in an anomalous dispersion regime of the optical waveguide and the second pulse is in a normal dispersion regime of the optical waveguide.

### Claim 9 (depends on 1)

The laser system of claim 1, wherein the optical waveguide comprises an optical fiber having a length of about 10 meters to about 30 meters.

### Claim 10 (depends on 1)

The laser system of claim 1, wherein the cross-phase modulation causes the first wavelength to shift toward the second wavelength.

### Claim 11 (depends on 1)

The laser system of claim 1, wherein the cross-phase modulation causes the first wavelength to shift away from the second wavelength.

### Claim 12 (depends on 1)

The laser system of claim 1, wherein the first wavelength shift is at least about 100 nanometers and the second wavelength shift is at least about 100 nanometers.

### Claim 13

A method comprising:
coupling a first series of laser pulses at a first wavelength into an optical waveguide; and
coupling a second series of laser pulses at a second wavelength into the optical waveguide, cross-phase modulation in the optical waveguide causing the first series of pulses to shift the second wavelength by a first wavelength shift; and
varying a time delay between the first series of pulses and the second series of pulses so as to tune the first wavelength shift.

### Claim 14 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, wherein cross-phase modulation in the optical waveguide causes the second series of pulses to shift the first wavelength by a second wavelength shift.

### Claim 15 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, wherein the cross-phase modulation causes the second wavelength to shift toward the first wavelength.

### Claim 16 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, wherein the cross-phase modulation causes the second wavelength to shift away from the first wavelength.

### Claim 17 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, further comprising:
emitting the first series of pulses from a first laser;
emitting the second series of pulses from a second laser temporally incoherent with the first laser.

### Claim 18 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, further comprising:
synchronizing emission of the first series of pulses with emission of the second series of pulses with a timing jitter of less than 10 femtoseconds.

### Claim 19 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, wherein the optical waveguide has a zero dispersion wavelength between the first wavelength and the second wavelength.

### Claim 20 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, wherein the first pulse has a first group velocity in the optical waveguide and the second pulse has a second group velocity in the optical waveguide substantially equal to the first group velocity.

### Claim 21 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, wherein the first pulse is a soliton in an anomalous dispersion regime of the optical waveguide and the second pulse is in a normal dispersion regime of the optical waveguide.

### Claim 22 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, wherein varying the time delay tunes the first wavelength shift with a sensitivity of about 30 nm per ps of time delay to about 100 nm per ps of time delay.

### Claim 23

A laser system comprising:
a first mode-locked laser to emit a first series of pulses at a first wavelength and a first pulse repetition frequency;
a second mode-locked laser to emit a second series of pulses at a second wavelength different than the first wavelength and at a second pulse repetition frequency;
an optical waveguide in optical communication with the first mode-locked laser and the second mode-locked laser and having a zero-dispersion wavelength between the first wavelength and the second wavelength, to guide the first series of pulses and the second series of pulses; and
a controller, operably coupled to the first mode-locked laser and the second mode-locked laser, to vary a frequency offset between the first pulse repetition frequency and the second pulse repetition frequency, the frequency offset causing a change in time delay between the first series of pulses and the second series of pulses, the change in the time delay causing a change in the first wavelength through a change in strength of cross-phase modulation of the first series of pulses by the second series of optical pulses in the optical waveguide.

### Claim 24 (depends on 1)

The laser system of claim 1, wherein the first laser source is a first tunable pulsed laser source and the second laser source is a second tunable pulsed laser source.