Method of forming superconducting wire

A method of forming a superconducting wire, the method comprising:

• forming a superconducting precursor film on a substrate using a deposition apparatus, the superconducting precursor film containing Re, Ba, and Cu and having a composition in which Ba is poor and Cu is rich compared to stoichiometric ReBCO (Gd1Ba2Cu3O7−y, 0≤y≤0.65, Re:
• Rare earth element);
• and
• annealing the substrate using an annealing apparatus, such that annealing the substrate is performed for one minute to two minutes,
• wherein annealing the substrate includes:
• heating the substrate to melt the superconducting precursor film;
• providing an oxygen gas having an oxygen partial pressure of about 10 mTorr to about 200 mTorr on the molten superconducting precursor film to form a superconducting layer including an epitaxial superconductor biaxially aligned only in the c-axis direction perpendicular to the substrate;
• and
• cooling the substrate,
• wherein the Re is Gd, and the superconducting precursor film includes Gd, Ba, and Cu in a mixing ratio of 1:1:2.5,
• wherein the substrate is heated to a c-axis growth temperature determined according to the oxygen partial pressure, and
• wherein the c-axis growth temperature includes a lower limit temperature and an upper limit temperature, and when the oxygen partial pressure increases to about 20 mTorr to about 150 mTorr, the lower limit temperature gradually increases from about 780° C. to about 848° C., and the upper limit temperature gradually increases from about 800° C. to about 866° C.