Stable lithium fluoride-based cathodes for metal and metal-ion batteries

A method of fabricating a Li or Li-ion battery electrode composition comprising a composite particle, the method comprising:

• embedding one or more metal, metal oxide, or metal salt precursors into a skeleton matrix material;
• inducing conversion of the one or more precursors into a metal fluoride embedded into the skeleton matrix material via a fluorination reaction to form an active material core;
• and
• after the inducing, at least partially encasing the active material core with a Li-ion permeable shell to protect the active material core from interaction with a battery electrolyte,
• wherein, after the inducing, the at least partially encased active material core is arranged as a powder or as part of a slurry.