Massively parallel integrated circuit-based DNA synthesis devices, systems, and methods

A deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis apparatus, comprising:

• a synthesizer chip, further comprising:
• an array of reaction units arranged in a predetermined pattern, each reaction unit including a reaction surface;
• an integrated circuit (IC) array of reaction electrodes arranged in the predetermined pattern such that each reaction unit includes a reaction electrode;
• and
• a synthesizer chip controller coupled to the IC array of reaction electrodes and configured to address and control each of the reaction electrodes individually;
• and
• a reagent delivery chip positionable above the synthesizer chip, comprising:
• an array of reagent delivery units arranged in the predetermined pattern, each reagent delivery unit configured to receive and deliver a droplet of reagent fluid having a volume of 1 picoliter (pL) or less;
• an IC array of reagent electrodes arranged in the predetermined pattern such that each reagent delivery unit includes a reagent electrode;
• and
• a reagent delivery chip controller communicatively coupled to the IC array of reagent electrodes and configured to address and control each of the reagent electrodes individually.