Quantum dots, a composition or composite including the same, and an electronic device including the same

A quantum dot comprising:

• a semiconductor nanocrystal particle;
• a first ligand bound to a surface of the semiconductor nanocrystal particle;
• and
• a second ligand bound to the surface of the semiconductor nanocrystal particle,
• wherein the second ligand comprises a compound represented by Chemical Formula 2-1, Chemical Formula 2-2, or Chemical Formula 2-3:
• Ra-L-(CRR)nSM Chemical Formula 2-1
• RRNCSSM Chemical Formula 2-3
• wherein
• Ra includes a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C24 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C24 alkenyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aryl group, R is the same or different, and is each independently hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C24 alkyl group, n is an integer of 0 to 15, L is a direct bond, a sulfonyl (—S(═O)2—), carbonyl (—C(═O)—), ether group (—O—), sulfide group (—S—), sulfoxide group (—S(═O)—), ester group (—C(═O)O—), amide group (—C(═O)NR—) (wherein R is hydrogen or a C1 to C10 alkyl group), a substituted or a unsubstituted C1 to C10 alkylene, a C2 to C10 alkenylene, or a combination thereof, and M is hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, or a combination thereof
• wherein the first ligand comprises a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1:
• MAn Chemical Formula 1
• wherein M is Mg, Ca, Zn, Ga, or In, n is determined depending on a valency of the M and is an integer of greater than or equal to 2, each A is the same or different, and is independently a C1 to C10 organic group, a halogen, or a combination thereof, and
• wherein the first ligand comprises an organic metal salt, a halogenated metal, a hydrocarbyl metal, a hydrocarbyl metal halide, or a combination thereof,
• wherein when a plurality of the quantum dots are included in a composition comprising a binder polymer having a carboxylic acid group and the composition is left at 4° C. for 144 hours, an increase of a viscosity of the composition is less than about 10% with respect to an initial viscosity of the composition.