Modulators

A time-encoding modulator comprising:

• a first input node for receiving a first input signal;
• a first output node for outputting a time-encoded signal;
• a first controlled oscillator configured to be driven by a drive signal to produce a first oscillation signal with a frequency that depends on a signal level of the drive signal, wherein the drive signal corresponds to the first input signal combined with the time encoded signal;
• an accumulator configured to provide an accumulator value based on a number of signal transitions of the first oscillation signal;
• and
• a hysteretic comparator configured to compare, with hysteresis, said accumulator value with a reference value to generate the time-encoded.

A PWM modulator for receiving an input signal and outputting PWM signal, the modulator comprising:

• an integrator module configured to receive the input signal combined with a feedback signal derived from the PWM signal and generate an accumulator value;
• and
• a comparator configured to compare the accumulator value with a reference to generate the PWM signal;
• wherein the integrator module comprises a controlled oscillator and an accumulator for providing an accumulator value based on the difference in a number of signal transitions in an output of the controlled oscillator,
• wherein the controlled oscillator is driven at a drive node by a combined signal comprising said input signal combined with the feedback signal, and a frequency of the output of the controlled oscillator depends one drive strength of the combined signal at the drive node.