Composite material, method of forming the same, and apparatus including composite material

An apparatus comprising a heating element, wherein the heating element comprises a composite material structure, the composite material structure comprising:

• a matrix material layer comprising a glass material;
• and
• a plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures distributed in the matrix material layer and having an electrical conductivity greater than an electrical conductivity of the matrix material layer,
• wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures comprises a first one-dimensional nanostructure and a second one-dimensional nanostructure in contact with each other,
• wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures comprises a metal oxide in a form of a nanowire, a nanorod, or a combination thereof,
• wherein at least a portion of the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures protrudes from a surface of the glass material, and
• wherein an amount of the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures in the composite material is less than or equal to 5 volume percent, based on a total volume of the composite material.

A method of forming a composite material structure, the method comprising:

• providing a solution comprising a plurality of colloidal particles comprising a metal element;
• adding a glass powder to the solution to form a solution comprising the plurality of colloidal particles and the glass powder;
• adding a binder to the solution comprising the plurality of colloidal particles and the glass powder to form a mixed solution comprising the plurality of colloidal particles, the glass powder, and the binder;
• forming a film by applying the mixed solution containing the plurality of colloidal particles, the glass powder, and the binder onto a substrate;
• and
• forming a plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures from the plurality of colloidal particles and forming a matrix material layer from the glass powder by performing a thermal treatment process on the film to prepare the composite material structure, wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures is formed in the matrix material layer,
• wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures comprises a metal oxide in a form of a nanowire, a nanorod, or a combination thereof,
• wherein at least a portion of the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures protrudes from a surface of the glass material, and
• wherein an amount of the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures in the composite material is less than or equal to 5 volume percent, based on a total volume of the composite material.