Conductive bonded composites

A method of bonding a first fibre reinforced polymer composite surface and a second fibre reinforced polymer composite surface, the method comprising:

• providing a conductive intermediary structure between said first and second surfaces, wherein the first and second surfaces are separated by a bonding gap distance, the conductive intermediary structure having a thickness that is substantially the same as the bonding gap distance between the first and second surfaces, the at least one conductive intermediary structure including a regular array of a plurality of pins, Z-pins, or I-pins, spanning a bond line of the first and second fibre reinforced polymer composite surfaces;
• filling a void between said first and second surfaces and enveloping said conductive intermediary structure with a conductive adhesive, the conductive adhesive including a curable binder and a high aspect ratio nanoscale carbon particulate filler present in the range of from 0.1 to 40% wt, wherein the particulate filler includes a conductive coating, and wherein the conductive coating is a metal;
• and
• curing the conductive adhesive to form a bonded first and second surface.