Sensor and method of making and using the same

A system comprising:

• an electrochemical device;
• at least one sensor contacting or in close proximity to the electrochemical device, the sensor comprising:
• an optical fiber comprising:
• a first end, the first end having a tip without a grating and the tip being doped with a semiconductor material that closes the tip of the first end;
• a short second end, the short second end having an input port with an input port path for a light wave to travel through;
• a long second end, the long second end having an output port with a first output port path for the light wave to travel through and a second output port path for the light wave to travel through;
• and
• a longitudinal midsection comprising a grating,
• the sensor further comprising:
• an optical splitter configured to split light between the first output port path and the second output port path from a third output port path;
• and
• an optical circulator between the short second end and the long second end of the optical fiber for delivering light to or from at least one of the semiconductor material or the grating,
• wherein the sensor is constructed and arranged to provide measurements that derive both state of charge and temperature of an electrochemical device simultaneously;
• and
• a controller operatively connected to the sensor wherein the controller is constructed and arranged to derive at least one of the temperature, state of charge, or state of power of the electrochemical device from at least one of the measurements provided by the sensor.

A method comprising:

• providing an electrochemical device, at least one sensor contacting or in close proximity to the electrochemical device, and a controller operatively connected to the sensor,
• wherein the sensor comprises:
• an optical fiber comprising:
• a first end, the first end having a tip without a grating and the tip being doped with a semiconductor material that closes the tip of the first end;
• a short second end, the short second end having an input port with an input port path for a light wave to travel through;
• a long second end, the long second end having an output port with a first output port path for the light wave to travel through and a second output port path for the light wave to travel through;
• and
• a longitudinal midsection comprising a grating,
• the sensor further comprising:
• an optical splitter configured to split light between the first output port path and the second output port path from a third output port path;
• and
• an optical circulator between the short second end and the long second end of the optical fiber for delivering light to or from at least one of the semiconductor material or the grating,
• wherein the sensor is constructed and arranged to provide measurements that derive both state of charge and temperature of an electrochemical device simultaneously, and
• wherein the controller is constructed and arranged to derive at least one of the temperature, state of charge, or state of power of the electrochemical device from at least one of the measurements provided by the sensor;
• determining the measurements that derive both state of charge and temperature of the electrochemical device through the sensor;
• transmitting the measurements of the electrochemical device from the sensor to the controller;
• and
• deriving at least one of the temperature, state of charge and state of power of the electrochemical device through the controller.