Electrophotographic member, process cartridge and electrophotographic image forming apparatus

An electrophotographic process cartridge configured to be detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, comprising an electrophotographic member, wherein

• the electrophotographic member has an electroconductive substrate and a single elastic layer as a surface layer,
• the surface layer includes a binder resin and carbon black dispersed in the binder resin,
• the carbon black has a volatile content of 0.4% or more,
• the binder resin includes a crosslinked urethane resin and a crosslinked acrylic resin, and wherein
• the surface layer has a first area in which the crosslinked urethane resin and the crosslinked acrylic resin form an interpenetrating polymer network structure, the first area being from an outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 0.1 μm in the surface layer.

An electrophotographic image forming apparatus, comprising:

• an image carrier for carrying an electrostatic latent image, a charging device for primarily charging the image carrier, an exposure device for forming the electrostatic latent image on the primarily charged image carrier, a developing member for forming a toner image by developing the electrostatic latent image by toner, and a transfer device for transferring the toner image to a transfer material, wherein
• the developing member has an electroconductive substrate and a single elastic layer as a surface layer,
• the surface layer includes a binder resin and carbon black dispersed in the binder resin,
• the carbon black has a volatile content of 0.4% or more,
• the binder resin includes a crosslinked urethane resin and a crosslinked acrylic resin, and wherein
• the surface layer has a first area in which the crosslinked urethane resin and the crosslinked acrylic resin form an interpenetrating polymer network structure, the first area being from an outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 0.1 μm in the surface layer.

An electrophotographic member comprising:

• an electroconductive substrate;
• and a single elastic layer as a surface layer, wherein
• the surface layer includes a binder resin and carbon black dispersed in the binder resin,
• the carbon black has a volatile content of 0.4% or more,
• the binder resin includes a crosslinked urethane resin and a crosslinked acrylic resin,
• the surface layer has a first area in which the crosslinked urethane resin and the crosslinked acrylic resin are included, the first area being from an outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 0.1 μm in the surface layer, and
• when sampling a first sample from the first area, and a peak top temperature of a thermal chromatogram derived from the crosslinked acrylic resin in the first sample is defined as A1 (° C.) and
• when obtaining a second sample by decomposing the crosslinked urethane resin in the first sample, and a peak top temperature of a thermal chromatogram derived from the crosslinked acrylic resin in the second sample is defined as A2 (° C.),
• A1 and A2 satisfy a relationship represented by the following Equation (1):
• A1>A2 (1).