Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

A process cartridge capable of being removably attached to an electrophotographic apparatus, the process cartridge comprising:

• an electrophotographic photosensitive member;
• and
• at least one device selected from the group consisting of a charging device, a developing device, a transfer device, and a cleaning device, the at least one device being held together with the electrophotographic photosensitive member in one body,
• wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises:
• an electroconductive support member;
• and
• a photosensitive layer on or above the electroconductive support member, wherein
• a surface layer constituting an uppermost layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains polytetrafluoroethylene particles, a charge transporting material, and polyvinyl acetal,
• a content of the polyvinyl acetal with respect to the polytetrafluoroethylene particles is in the range of 0.1% by mass to 15.0% by mass, and
• a content of the charge transporting material with respect to a total mass of the surface layer is 35% by mass or more, and
• wherein the polytetrafluoroethylene particles are coated with the polyvinyl acetal.

An electrophotographic apparatus comprising:

• an electrophotographic photosensitive member;
• a charging device;
• an exposure device;
• a developing device;
• and
• a transfer device,
• wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises:
• an electroconductive support member;
• and
• a photosensitive layer on or above the electroconductive support member,
• wherein a surface layer constituting an uppermost layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains polytetrafluoroethylene particles, a charge transporting material, and polyvinyl acetal,
• a content of the polyvinyl acetal with respect to the polytetrafluoroethylene particles is in the range of 0.1% by mass to 15.0% by mass, and
• a content of the charge transporting material with respect to a total mass of the surface layer is 35% by mass or more, and
• wherein the polytetrafluoroethylene particles are coated with the polyvinyl acetal.