Liquid treatment using capacitive systems

A liquid treatment system comprising:

• a first electrode, wherein:
• the first electrode comprises a first non-conductive support and a first active structure,
• the first non-conductive support mechanically supports the first active structure,
• the first electrode further comprises a first conductive assist structure having a conductivity higher than a conductivity of the first active structure and a conductivity of the first non-conductive support,
• the first conductive assist structure is disposed between the first active structure and the first non-conductive support, and
• the first active structure comprises a first active material operable to electrolytically remove of one or more contaminants from a liquid contacting the first electrode;
• and
• a second electrode disposed adjacent to the first electrode and electronically isolated from the first electrode, wherein:
• the second electrode comprises a second non-conductive support and a second active structure,
• the second non-conductive support mechanically supports the second active structure,
• the second electrode further comprises a second conductive assist structure having a conductivity higher than a conductivity of the second active structure and a conductivity of the second non-conductive support,
• the second conductive assist structure is disposed between the second active structure and the second non-conductive support, and
• the second active structure comprises a second active material operable to electrolytically remove one or more additional contaminants from the liquid contacting the second electrode;
• the first conductive assist structure or the second conductive assist structure comprises one of nickel, titanium, copper, chromium, stainless steel, gold, tantalum, niobium, hafnium, zirconium, vanadium, indium, cobalt, tungsten, a carbon nanotube, a conductive carbon, carbon black, graphene, a conductive adhesive, a conductive polymer, or a combination thereof;
• and
• an ionic exchange membrane.