Addressable flow cell using patterned electrodes

A flow cell for nucleic acid sequencing, the flow cell comprising:

• (a) a plurality of inlet ports and a plurality of outlet ports,
• (b) a top plate that defines an upper surface of the flow cell and a boundary of the library sequencing region, wherein the top plate is overlaid upon a channel layer, wherein the top plate is coated with a counter electrode;
• (c) the channel layer overlaid upon a bottom plate and defining multiple substantially parallel channels that form a library sequencing region, wherein the multiple substantially parallel channels comprise one to twenty enclosed channels and each of the multiple substantially parallel channels is positioned between one of the plurality of inlet ports and one of the plurality of outlet ports, and wherein each of the multiple substantially parallel channels of the channel layer comprises:
• (i) a library capture surface comprising an inner surface facing a library sequencing region, and
• (ii) a plurality of forward amplification primers having a first sequence and a plurality of reverse amplification primers having a second sequence, wherein both the plurality of forward amplification primers and the plurality of reverse amplification primers are directly immobilized to the inner surface of each of the multiple substantially parallel channels to provide a nucleic acid library capture surface of the library sequencing region;
• and
• (d) the bottom plate, wherein the bottom plate comprises;
• (i) an inner surface;
• (ii) a plurality of electrodes disposed along the inner surface of the bottom plate and arranged such that each channel of the multiple substantially parallel channels of the channel layer passes over the plurality of electrodes;
• wherein the plurality of electrodes comprises two to twelve electrodes;
• each electrode of the plurality of electrodes having a width that spans more than half or all of the width of the channel, or that spans the width of the flow cell, wherein the width of each electrode, the width of the channel, and the width of the flow cell are perpendicular to the direction of flow through the flow cell, wherein the plurality of electrodes comprise at least;
• (a) a first electrode directly under a plurality of forward amplification primers and a plurality of reverse amplification primers, and (b) a second electrode directly under a plurality of forward amplification primers and a plurality of reverse amplification primers, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are configured to provide, when charged, an electric field through the library capture surface and into the library sequencing region;
• and
• (ii) electrical leads connected to the plurality of electrodes to permit each of plurality of electrodes to be independently addressable.