High-resolution, selective and self-optimizing haptic and electrotactile display and methods of use

A method, comprising the steps of:

• collecting sensor data from a sensor of a prosthesis;
• applying actuation via an actuator of the prosthesis corresponding to the sensor data to induce a neural response from a nerve of an individual wearing the prosthesis;
• measuring the neural response from the individual;
• receiving data of a sensation corresponding to the neural response;
• generating a sensation map relating the sensor data to the data of the sensation;
• and
• repeating the collecting, applying, measuring, receiving, and generating steps to generate a comprehensive sensation map corresponding to the sensor.

An actuator comprising:

• a plunger positioned relative to an electromagnetic coil, the plunger having a tip configured to provide physical pressure to a nerve of an individual, the plunger configured for displacement from current flowing through the electromagnetic coil;
• a spring positioned relative to the plunger, the spring configured to oppose a force related to movement of the plunger;
• a pressure sensor positioned relative to the spring, the pressure sensor configured to measure pressure provided by the plunger;
• at least one heating element configured to stimulate the nerve of the individual with heat;
• and
• at least one cooling element configured to stimulate the nerve of the individual via cooling;
• wherein operation of the actuator is controlled using a processor in communication with the actuator, the processor configured to control operation of the actuator based upon data obtained by a sensor of a prosthesis configured to be worn by the individual and a sensation map comprising sensation data relating to an experienced sensation from a brain of the individual.