Enzymatic circuits for molecular sensors

A circuit comprising:

• a first electrode;
• a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode;
• and
• a polymerase enzyme electrically connected to the first electrode by a first arm molecule, and electrically connected to the second electrode by a second arm molecule, to form a conductive pathway between the first electrode and the second electrode through the polymerase enzyme;
• wherein each of the first and second arm molecules has a first end and a second end, wherein the first end of the first arm molecule is bonded to the polymerase enzyme and the second end of the first arm molecule is bonded to the first electrode, wherein the first end of the second arm molecule is bonded to the polymerase enzyme and the second end of the second arm molecule is bonded to the second electrode, and wherein the first end of each of the first and second arm molecules connect to the polymerase enzyme at two distinct sites on the polymerase enzyme so as to include a portion of the polymerase enzyme in the conductive pathway.