# US 10,504,531 B2 · Audio parameter quantization > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 10,504,531 B2 - Document ID: US10504531B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 15/506,416 - Filed: 2014-08-28 - Published: 2018-08-09 - Granted: 2019-12-10 - Earliest claimed: 2014-08-28 - Assignees: Nokia Technologies Oy - Applicants: Nokia Technologies Oy - Inventors: Anssi Ramo; Adriana Vasilache; Lasse Juhani Laaksonen - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US10504531B2 ## CPC - G10L 19/032: Quantisation or dequantisation of spectral components - G10L 19/008: Multichannel audio signal coding or decoding using interchannel correlation to reduce redundancy, e.g. joint-stereo, intensity-coding or matrixing - G10L 19/04: using predictive techniques - G10L: SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING ## Abstract A technique for audio encoding is provided. According to an example embodiment, the technique comprises deriving a first quantization error that is descriptive of an error resulting with a non-predictive quantization of an audio parameter of an audio signal segment, deriving a second quantization error that is descriptive of an error resulting with a predictive quantization of said audio parameter of said audio signal segment, determining whether said second quantization error exceeds said first quantization error by at least an adaptive margin that is dependent on the number of consecutive audio signal segments that precede said audio signal segment in which said audio parameter is provided quantized with said predictive quantization, providing said audio parameter of said audio segment quantized with said non-predictive quantization as part of an encoded audio signal at least in case the outcome of said determination is affirmative, and providing otherwise said audio parameter of said audio segment quantized with said predictive quantization as part of an encoded audio signal. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A computer-implemented method for encoding an audio signal by processing a sequence of audio signal segments, the method comprising: deriving a first quantization error that is descriptive of an error resulting with a non-predictive quantization of an audio parameter of an audio signal segment; deriving a second quantization error that is descriptive of an error resulting with a predictive quantization of said audio parameter of said audio signal segment; determining whether said first quantization error multiplied by an adaptive scaling factor is smaller than said second quantization error, said adaptive scaling factor representing an adaptive margin for said audio signal segment, said adaptive margin being dependent on a number of consecutive audio signal segments that precede said audio signal segment in which said audio parameter is provided quantized with said predictive quantization; providing said audio parameter of said audio segment quantized with said non-predictive quantization as part of an encoded audio signal at least in case the outcome of said determination is affirmative; providing otherwise said audio parameter of said audio segment quantized with said predictive quantization as part of an encoded audio signal; and causing storage or transmission over a communication channel of the encoded audio signal. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method according to claim 1, wherein said adaptive margin is increased from a predefined initial value by a predefined amount for each audio signal segment between said audio signal segment and a closest preceding audio signal segment in which said audio parameter is provided quantized with said non-predictive quantization. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The method according to claim 1, wherein said adaptive margin is increased from a predefined initial value by a predefined amount for each audio signal segment in excess of a predefined threshold between said audio signal segment and a closest preceding audio signal segment in which said audio parameter is provided quantized with said non-predictive quantization. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The method according to claim 1, further comprising decreasing said adaptive scaling factor by a predetermined amount in case said audio parameter of said audio segment is provided quantized with said predictive quantization. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The method according to claim 1, further comprising decreasing said adaptive scaling factor by a predetermined amount in case said audio parameter of said audio segment is provided quantized with said predictive quantization, and said number of consecutive audio signal segments exceeds a predefined threshold. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The method according to claim 1, further comprising resetting said adaptive scaling factor to a predefined initial value in case said audio parameter of said audio segment is provided quantized with said non-predictive quantization. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The method according to claim 1, wherein said audio parameter comprises one of an Immittance Spectral Frequency vector and a Line Spectral Frequency vector that is representative of spectral characteristics of said audio segment. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The method according to claim 1, wherein said first quantization error is obtained by combining weighted errors between a component of said audio parameter and a corresponding component of said audio parameter resulting with said non-predictive quantization, and said second quantization error is obtained by combining weighted errors between a component of said audio parameter and a corresponding component of said audio parameter resulting with said predictive quantization. ### Claim 9 An apparatus for encoding an audio signal by processing a sequence of audio signal segments, the apparatus comprising at least one processor; and at least one memory comprising computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: derive a first quantization error that is descriptive of an error resulting with a non-predictive quantization of an audio parameter of an audio signal segment; derive a second quantization error that is descriptive of an error resulting with a predictive quantization of said audio parameter of said audio signal segment; determine whether said first quantization error multiplied by an adaptive scaling factor is smaller than said second quantization error, said adaptive scaling factor representing an adaptive margin for said audio signal segment, said adaptive margin being dependent on a number of consecutive audio signal segments that precede said audio signal segment in which said audio parameter is provided quantized with said predictive quantization; provide said audio parameter of said audio segment quantized with said non-predictive quantization as part of an encoded audio signal at least in case the outcome of said determination is affirmative; provide otherwise said audio parameter of said audio segment quantized with said predictive quantization as part of an encoded audio signal; and cause storage or transmission over a communication channel of the encoded audio signal. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the apparatus is further caused to increase said adaptive margin from a predefined initial value by a predefined amount for each audio signal segment between said audio signal segment and a closest preceding audio signal segment in which said audio parameter is provided quantized with said non-predictive quantization. ### Claim 11 (depends on 9) The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the apparatus is further caused to increase said adaptive margin from a predefined initial value by a predefined amount for each audio signal segment in excess of a predefined threshold between said audio signal segment and a closest preceding audio signal segment in which said audio parameter is provided quantized with said non-predictive quantization. ### Claim 12 (depends on 9) The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the apparatus is further caused to decrease said adaptive scaling factor by a predetermined amount in case said audio parameter of said audio segment is provided quantized with said predictive quantization. ### Claim 13 (depends on 9) The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the apparatus is further caused to decrease said adaptive scaling factor by a predetermined amount in case said audio parameter of said audio segment is provided quantized with said predictive quantization, and said number of consecutive audio signal segments exceeds a predefined threshold. ### Claim 14 (depends on 9) The apparatus according to claim 9, further caused to reset said adaptive scaling factor to a predefined initial value in case said audio parameter of said audio segment is provided quantized with said non-predictive quantization. ### Claim 15 (depends on 9) The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein said audio parameter comprises one of an Immittance Spectral Frequency vector and a Line Spectral Frequency vector that is representative of spectral characteristics of said audio segment. ### Claim 16 (depends on 9) The apparatus according to claim 9, further caused to: compute said first quantization error by combining weighted errors between a component of said audio parameter and a corresponding component of said audio parameter resulting with said non-predictive quantization, and compute said second quantization error by combining weighted errors between a component of said audio parameter and a corresponding component of said audio parameter resulting with said predictive quantization. ### Claim 17 A computer program product comprising at least one non-transitory computer readable storage medium, the computer readable storage medium comprising a set of instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, causes an apparatus to: derive a first quantization error that is descriptive of an error resulting with a non-predictive quantization of an audio parameter of an audio signal segment; derive a second quantization error that is descriptive of an error resulting with a predictive quantization of said audio parameter of said audio signal segment; determine whether said first quantization error multiplied by an adaptive scaling factor is smaller than said second quantization error, said adaptive scaling factor representing an adaptive margin for said audio signal segment, said adaptive margin being dependent on a number of consecutive audio signal segments that precede said audio signal segment in which said audio parameter is provided quantized with said predictive quantization; provide said audio parameter of said audio segment quantized with said non-predictive quantization as part of an encoded audio signal at least in case the outcome of said determination is affirmative; provide otherwise said audio parameter of said audio segment quantized with said predictive quantization as part of an encoded audio signal; and cause storage or transmission over a communication channel of the encoded audio signal. ### Claim 18 (depends on 17) The computer program product according to claim 17, wherein the set of instructions further causes the apparatus to increase said adaptive margin from a predefined initial value by a predefined amount for one of: each audio signal segment between said audio signal segment and a closest preceding audio signal segment in which said audio parameter is provided quantized with said non-predictive quantization; and each audio signal segment in excess of a predefined threshold between said audio signal segment and a closest preceding audio signal segment in which said audio parameter is provided quantized with said non-predictive quantization.