# US 10,501,680 B2 · Treating seawater for hydrocarbon production > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 10,501,680 B2 - Document ID: US10501680B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 16/253,800 - Filed: 2019-01-22 - Published: 2019-07-25 - Granted: 2019-12-10 - Earliest claimed: 2018-01-23 - Assignees: Saudi Arabian Oil Company - Applicants: Saudi Arabian Oil Company - Inventors: Leiming Li; Hejian Sun; Feng Liang; Mohammed A. Bataweel - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US10501680B2 ## CPC - C09K 8/532: Sulfur - C09K 8/66: Compositions based on water or polar solvents (C09K8/64 takes precedence) - C09K 8/665: {containing inorganic compounds (proppants C09K8/80)} - E21B 43/26: by forming crevices or fractures - E21B 43/283: {in association with a fracturing process} - C09K 8/80: Compositions for reinforcing fractures, e.g. compositions of proppants used to keep the fractures open - C09K: MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE - E21B: EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS ## Abstract A system and method for hydraulic fracturing including mixing seawater with an additive to precipitate sulfate from the seawater and mixing a flocculating agent with the seawater to agglomerate the sulfate precipitates. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method of hydraulic fracturing a geological formation, comprising: receiving seawater for the hydraulic fracturing, the seawater comprising a sulfate concentration of at least 3000 milligrams per liter (mg/L); mixing an additive with the seawater to precipitate sulfate in the seawater; mixing a flocculating agent with the seawater to agglomerate sulfate precipitate in the seawater, wherein the flocculating agent comprises a viscosifier or a friction reducer, or both; removing sulfate precipitate from the seawater to give treated seawater, wherein the treated seawater comprises the viscosifier or the friction reducer, or both, via the flocculating agent; and injecting fracturing fluid comprising the treated seawater through a wellbore into the geological formation to hydraulically fracture the geological formation. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the treated seawater comprises a sulfate concentration of less than 90 mg/L. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein receiving seawater comprises receiving the seawater at a well site comprising the wellbore, and wherein mixing the additive with the seawater comprises mixing the additive with the seawater at the well site. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the seawater comprises untreated seawater. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the seawater does not comprise a scale inhibitor. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the additive comprises barium chloride (BaCl2), calcium chloride (CaCl2), barium chloride dihydrate (BaCl2.2H2O), or calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2.2H2O), or any combinations thereof, and wherein the sulfate precipitate comprises barium sulfate (BaSO4) or calcium sulfate (CaSO4), or a combination thereof. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the additive comprises produced fluid from a well. ### Claim 8 A method of hydraulic fracturing a geological formation, comprising: forming a fracturing fluid from seawater, the seawater comprising a sulfate concentration of at least 3000 milligrams per liter (mg/L), wherein the seawater does not include a scale inhibitor, and wherein the forming comprises: mixing the seawater with an additive to form a first mixture to precipitate sulfate from the seawater; mixing the first mixture with a flocculating agent to form a second mixture to agglomerate the sulfate precipitates, wherein the flocculating agent comprises a viscosifier or a friction reducer, or a combination thereof; and separating the second mixture from sulfate precipitates; and delivering the fracturing fluid comprising the second mixture to a subterranean zone. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) The method of claim 8, wherein the additive is configured to precipitate crystalline sulfates, and wherein the flocculating agent comprises a polymer, a copolymer, aluminum sulfate hydrate (Al2(SO4)3.H2O), or combinations thereof. ### Claim 10 (depends on 8) The method of claim 8, wherein the seawater comprises untreated seawater, and wherein the additive comprises produced water, brine, brackish water, or combinations thereof. ### Claim 11 (depends on 8) The method of claim 8, wherein the additive comprises a hydrate, a divalent cation, or combinations thereof. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) The method of claim 11, wherein the hydrate is barium chloride dihydrate (BaCl2.2H2O), calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2.2H2O), or combinations thereof. ### Claim 13 (depends on 8) The method of claim 8, wherein the forming further comprises dissolving a salt in the first mixture, the salt configured to increase a potential of hydrogen (pH) of the first mixture. ### Claim 14 (depends on 13) The method of claim 13, wherein the pH of the first mixture is between 7 and 9. ### Claim 15 A hydraulic-fracturing system comprising: a seawater treatment system comprising a mixer to combine an additive with seawater comprising untreated seawater to precipitate sulfate in the seawater and to combine a flocculating agent comprising a viscosifier or a friction reducer, or both, with the seawater to agglomerate sulfate precipitate, the seawater treatment system to separate sulfate precipitate from the seawater to give treated seawater comprising the viscosifier or the friction reducer, or both; and a pump to inject fracturing fluid comprising the treated seawater through a wellbore into a geological formation to hydraulically fracture the geological formation. ### Claim 16 (depends on 15) The system of claim 15, wherein the seawater comprises a sulfate concentration of at least 3000 milligrams per liter (mg/L), and wherein the additive comprises produced fluid from a well. ### Claim 17 (depends on 15) The system of claim 15, wherein the seawater does not comprise a scale inhibitor, and wherein the treated seawater comprises a sulfate concentration of less than 90 mg/L.