Processes for forming composite structures with a two-dimensional material using a porous, non-sacrificial supporting layer

A membrane comprising:

• a first layer comprising 2 to 5 layers of a porous graphene or a porous graphene-based material;
• a porous or permeable supporting layer different from the first layer, and
• a third layer comprising a porous or permeable secondary substrate,
• wherein the first layer is positioned between the secondary substrate and the supporting layer or the supporting layer is positioned between the first layer and the secondary substrate and
• wherein the supporting layer comprises filaments or fibers having a diameter of less than 1 μm.

A membrane comprising:

• a first layer comprising 2 to 5 layers of a porous two-dimensional material;
• a supporting layer in contact with the first layer that comprises a plurality of filaments formed by a wet electrospinning process or a dry electrospinning process;
• and
• a secondary substrate comprising a porous polymer,
• wherein the first layer is positioned between the secondary substrate and the supporting layer or the supporting layer is positioned between the first layer and the secondary substrate.