# US 10,484,080 B2 · Ground network for end-to-end beamforming with multifrequency access node clusters > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 10,484,080 B2 - Document ID: US10484080B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 16/394,194 - Filed: 2019-04-25 - Published: 2019-10-17 - Granted: 2019-11-19 - Earliest claimed: 2015-04-01 - Assignees: ViaSat, Inc. - Applicants: ViaSat, Inc. - Inventors: Kenneth V. Buer; Mark J. Miller; Christopher J. Cronin; Mark D. Dankberg; Donald L. Runyon - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US10484080B2 ## CPC - H04B 7/18513: {Transmission in a satellite or space-based system} - H01Q 1/06: Means for the lighting or illuminating of antennas, e.g. for purpose of warning - H01Q 1/288: {Satellite antennas} - H01Q 3/247: {by switching different parts of a primary active element} - H01Q 3/40: with phasing matrix - H01Q 5/50: Feeding or matching arrangements for broad-band or multi-band operation - H01Q 19/132: {Horn reflector antennas; Off-set feeding} - H01Q 21/0025: {Modular arrays} - H01Q 21/24: Combinations of antenna units polarised in different directions for transmitting or receiving circularly and elliptically polarised waves or waves linearly polarised in any direction {(circularly polarised patch antennas H01Q9/0428; circularly polarised horns H01Q13/0241; cross-polarised horns H01Q13/0258; polarisation converters H01Q15/242; cross-polarised rear feeds H01Q19/136; crossed polarisation dual antenna H01Q25/001)} - H01Q 25/001: {Crossed polarisation dual antennas (orthomode horns H01Q13/0258; cross-polarised rear feeds H01Q19/136; orthomode transducers H01P1/161)} - H04B 7/024: Co-operative use of antennas of several sites, e.g. in co-ordinated multipoint or co-operative multiple-input multiple-output [MIMO] systems - H04B 7/0413: MIMO systems - H04B 7/0617: {for beam forming} - H04B 7/18508: {with satellite system used as relay, i.e. aeronautical mobile satellite service} - H04B 7/18515: {Transmission equipment in satellites or space-based relays} - H04B 7/18517: {Transmission equipment in earth stations} - H04B 7/18534: {for enhancing link reliablility, e.g. satellites diversity} - H04B 7/1858: {Arrangements for data transmission on the physical system, i.e. for data bit transmission between network components} - H04B 7/18586: {Arrangements for data transporting, e.g. for an end to end data transport or check} - H04B 7/18589: {Arrangements for controlling an end to end session, i.e. for initialising, synchronising or terminating an end to end link} - H04B 7/204: Multiple access - H04B 7/2041: {Spot beam multiple access} - H04B 10/118: specially adapted for satellite communication - H04W 4/00: Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor - H04W 16/28: using beam steering - H04W 40/20: based on geographic position or location - H04W 76/10: Connection setup - H04W 84/06: Airborne or Satellite Networks (space-based or airborne stations H04B7/185) - H01Q 1/247: {with frequency mixer, e.g. for direct satellite reception or Doppler radar} - H04W 16/26: Cell enhancers {or enhancement}, e.g. for tunnels, building shadow - H04B: TRANSMISSION - H01Q: ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS (radiators or antennas for microwave heating H05B6/72) - H04W: WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS (broadcast communication H04H; communication systems using wireless links for non-selective communication, e.g. wireless extensions H04M1/72) ## Abstract Methods and systems are described for providing end-to-end beamforming. For example, end-to-end beamforming systems include end-to-end relays and ground networks to provide communications to user terminals located in user beam coverage areas. The ground segment can include geographically distributed access nodes and a central processing system. Return uplink signals, transmitted from the user terminals, have multipath induced by a plurality of receive/transmit signal paths in the end to end relay and are relayed to the ground network. The ground network, using beamformers, recovers user data streams transmitted by the user terminals from return downlink signals. The ground network, using beamformers generates forward uplink signals from appropriately weighted combinations of user data streams that, after relay by the end-end-end relay, produce forward downlink signals that combine to form user beams. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A system for providing a communication service to user terminals geographically distributed over a user coverage area via an end-to-end relay comprising multiple receive/transmit signal paths, comprising: a beam signal interface that obtains multiple forward beam signals comprising forward user data streams for transmission to the user terminals grouped by multiple forward user beam coverage areas; a beam weight generator that generates a forward beam weight matrix for end-to-end beamforming to the multiple forward user beam coverage areas via the end-to-end relay; a beamformer coupled with the beam signal interface and the beam weight generator, the beamformer comprising a forward matrix multiplier that obtains a plurality of access-node specific forward signals based on a matrix product of the forward beam weight matrix and a vector of the forward beam signals; a first access node cluster comprising a first plurality of access nodes, wherein the first plurality of access nodes obtain a first subset of the plurality of access node-specific forward signals and comprise transmitters that transmit a first set of forward uplink signals over a first frequency range to the end-to-end relay based on the first subset of the plurality of access node-specific forward signals; and a second access node cluster comprising a second plurality of access nodes, wherein the second plurality of access nodes obtain a second subset of the plurality of access node-specific forward signals and comprise transmitters that transmit a second set of forward uplink signals over a second frequency range to the end-to-end relay based on the second subset of the plurality of access node-specific forward signals, wherein the second frequency range is non-overlapping with the first frequency range, wherein the first and second sets of forward uplink signals are pre-corrected to compensate for respective path delays and phase shifts introduced between the first and second pluralities of access nodes and the end-to-end relay. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The system of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of access nodes of the first access node cluster are geographically distributed within a first access node area and the second plurality of access nodes of the second access node cluster are geographically distributed within a second access node area. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The system of claim 2, wherein the first access node area is at least partially overlapping with the second access node area. ### Claim 4 (depends on 2) The system of claim 2, wherein at least one of the first or second access node areas is at least partially overlapping with the user coverage area. ### Claim 5 (depends on 2) The system of claim 2, wherein at least one of the first or second access node areas is non-overlapping with the user coverage area. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The system of claim 1, wherein the first set of forward uplink signals are carried via a first set of the multiple receive/transmit signal paths of the end-to-end relay and the second set of forward uplink signals are carried via a second set of the multiple receive/transmit signal paths of the end-to-end relay. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The system of claim 1, wherein the first set of forward uplink signals and the second set of forward uplink signals both contribute to forming at least one forward user beam associated with at least one of the multiple forward user beam coverage areas. ### Claim 8 (depends on 6) The system of claim 6, wherein the first set of the multiple receive/transmit signal paths are coupled with a first plurality of antenna elements of a user-link antenna subsystem of the end-to-end relay and the second set of the multiple receive/transmit signal paths are coupled with a second plurality of antenna elements of the user-link antenna subsystem. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) The system of claim 8, wherein the first plurality of antenna elements is a first subset of antenna elements of an array of cooperating user-link constituent antenna elements, and the second plurality of antenna elements is a second subset of antenna elements of the array of cooperating user-link constituent antenna elements. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The system of claim 9, wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements are arranged in an interleaved feed pattern within the array of cooperating user-link constituent antenna elements. ### Claim 11 (depends on 8) The system of claim 8, wherein the first plurality of antenna elements is a first array of cooperating user-link constituent antenna elements, and the second plurality of antenna elements is a second array of cooperating user-link constituent antenna elements. ### Claim 12 (depends on 8) The system of claim 8, wherein a number of elements in the first plurality of antenna elements is different from a number of elements in the second plurality of antenna elements. ### Claim 13 (depends on 1) The system of claim 1, wherein a bandwidth of the first frequency range is the same as a bandwidth of the second frequency range. ### Claim 14 (depends on 1) The system of claim 1, wherein a bandwidth of the first frequency range is different from a bandwidth of the second frequency range. ### Claim 15 (depends on 1) The system of claim 1, wherein: the first plurality of access nodes comprise receivers that receive respective ones of a first set of return downlink signals from the end-to-end relay, each of the first set of return downlink signals comprising a first composite of return uplink signals transmitted from a plurality of the user terminals and relayed by at least a subset of a first set of the multiple receive/transmit signal paths of the end-to-end relay at a third frequency range; the second plurality of access nodes comprise receivers that receive respective ones of a second set of return downlink signals from the end-to-end relay, each of the second set of return downlink signals comprising a second composite of the return uplink signals transmitted from the plurality of the user terminals and relayed by at least a subset of a second set of the multiple receive/transmit signal paths of the end-to-end relay over a fourth frequency range, wherein the fourth frequency range is non-overlapping with the third frequency range; the beam weight generator generates a return beam weight matrix for end-to-end beamforming of transmissions from multiple return user beam coverage areas to the first and second pluralities of access nodes via the end-to-end relay; and the beamformer comprises a return matrix multiplier that obtains respective return beam signals for the multiple return user beam coverage areas based on a matrix product of the return beam weight matrix and a vector of the respective first and second composites of the return uplink signals, wherein the first and second sets of return downlink signals are corrected for timing and phase for respective path delays and phase shifts between the end-to-end relay and the first and second pluralities of access nodes. ### Claim 16 (depends on 1) The system of claim 1, further comprising: a distribution network that distributes the plurality of access node-specific forward signals to the first and second pluralities of access nodes of the first and second access node clusters. ### Claim 17 A method for providing a communication service to user terminals geographically distributed over a user coverage area via an end-to-end relay comprising multiple receive/transmit signal paths, comprising: obtaining multiple forward beam signals comprising forward user data streams for transmission to a plurality of the user terminals grouped by multiple forward user beam coverage areas; identifying a forward beam weight matrix for end-to-end beamforming of transmissions from a first plurality of access nodes and a second plurality of access nodes to the multiple forward user beam coverage areas via the end-to-end relay, the first plurality of access nodes comprising access nodes of a first access node cluster and the second plurality of access nodes comprising access nodes of a second access node cluster; generating first and second sets of access node-specific forward signals for transmission by the first and second pluralities of access nodes, respectively, each of the first and second sets of access node-specific forward signals comprising a composite of respective forward beam signals weighted by respective forward beamforming weights of the forward beam weight matrix; transmitting a first set of forward uplink signals from the first plurality of access nodes over a first frequency range based on the first set of access node-specific forward signals; and transmitting a second set of forward uplink signals from the second plurality of access nodes over a second frequency range based on the second set of access node-specific forward signals, wherein the second frequency range is non-overlapping with the first frequency range, wherein the first and second sets of forward uplink signals are pre-corrected to compensate for respective path delays and phase shifts between the first and second pluralities of access nodes and the end-to-end relay. ### Claim 18 (depends on 17) The method of claim 17, wherein the first plurality of access nodes of the first access node cluster are geographically distributed within a first access node area and the second plurality of access nodes of the second access node cluster are geographically distributed within a second access node area. ### Claim 19 (depends on 17) The method of claim 17, wherein the first set of forward uplink signals are carried via a first set of the multiple receive/transmit signal paths of the end-to-end relay and the second set of forward uplink signals are carried via a second set of the multiple receive/transmit signal paths of the end-to-end relay. ### Claim 20 (depends on 19) The method of claim 19, further comprising: forming at least one forward user beam associated with at least one of the multiple forward user beam coverage areas based on at least a subset of the first set of forward uplink signals and at least a subset of the second set of forward uplink signals. ### Claim 21 (depends on 17) The method of claim 17, wherein a bandwidth of the first frequency range is the same as a bandwidth of the second frequency range. ### Claim 22 (depends on 17) The method of claim 17, wherein a bandwidth of the first frequency range is different from a bandwidth of the second frequency range. ### Claim 23 (depends on 17) The method of claim 17, further comprising: receiving, at the first plurality of access nodes, respective ones of a first set of return downlink signals from the end-to-end relay, each of the first set of return downlink signals comprising a first composite of return uplink signals transmitted from a plurality of the user terminals and relayed by at least a subset of a first set of the multiple receive/transmit signal paths of the end-to-end relay over the first frequency range; receiving, at the second plurality of access nodes, respective ones of a second set of return downlink signals from the end-to-end relay, each of the second set of return downlink signals comprising a second composite of the return uplink signals transmitted from the plurality of the user terminals and relayed by at least a subset of a second set of the multiple receive/transmit signal paths of the end-to-end relay over the second frequency range; generating a return beam weight matrix for end-to-end beamforming of transmissions from multiple return user beam coverage areas to the first and second pluralities of access nodes via the end-to-end relay; and obtaining respective return beam signals for the multiple return user beam coverage areas based on a matrix product of the return beam weight matrix and a vector of the respective first and second composites of the return uplink signals, wherein the first and second sets of return downlink signals are corrected for timing and phase for respective path delays and phase shifts between the end-to-end relay and the first and second pluralities of access nodes. ### Claim 24 A system for providing a communication service to user terminals geographically distributed over a user coverage area via an end-to-end relay comprising multiple receive/transmit signal paths, comprising: a first access node cluster comprising a first plurality of access nodes, wherein the first plurality of access nodes comprise receivers that receive first return downlink signals from the end-to-end relay over a first frequency range, each of the first return downlink signals comprising a composite of return uplink signals transmitted from a plurality of the user terminals and relayed by at least a subset of a first set of the multiple receive/transmit signal paths of the end-to-end relay to form a first composite return signal; a second access node cluster comprising a second plurality of access nodes, wherein the second plurality of access nodes comprise receivers that receive second return downlink signals from the end-to-end relay over a second frequency range, each of the second return downlink signals comprising a composite of the return uplink signals transmitted from the plurality of the user terminals and relayed by at least a subset of a second set of the multiple receive/transmit signal paths of the end-to-end relay to form a second composite return signal, and wherein the second frequency range is non-overlapping with the first frequency range; a beam weight generator that generates a return beam weight matrix for end-to-end beamforming of transmissions from multiple return user beam coverage areas to the first and second access node clusters via the end-to-end relay; and a return beamformer coupled with the beam weight generator, the return beamformer comprising a matrix multiplier that obtains respective return beam signals for the multiple return user beam coverage areas based on a matrix product of the return beam weight matrix and a vector of the first and second composite return signals, wherein the first and second composite return signals are corrected for timing and phase for respective path delays and phase shifts between the end-to-end relay and the first and second pluralities of access nodes. ### Claim 25 (depends on 24) The system of claim 24, wherein the first plurality of access nodes of the first access node cluster are geographically distributed within a first access node area and the second plurality of access nodes of the second access node cluster are geographically distributed within a second access node area. ### Claim 26 (depends on 25) The system of claim 25, wherein the first access node area is at least partially overlapping with the second access node area. ### Claim 27 (depends on 25) The system of claim 25, wherein at least one of the first or second access node areas is at least partially overlapping with the user coverage area. ### Claim 28 (depends on 25) The system of claim 25, wherein at least one of the first or second access node areas is non-overlapping with the user coverage area. ### Claim 29 (depends on 24) The system of claim 24, wherein a bandwidth of the first frequency range is the same as a bandwidth of the second frequency range. ### Claim 30 (depends on 24) The system of claim 24, wherein a bandwidth of the first frequency range is different from a bandwidth of the second frequency range. ### Claim 31 (depends on 24) The system of claim 24, wherein at least one of the return beam signals for at least one of the return user beam coverage areas is determined based on at least a subset of the first return downlink signals and at least a subset of the second return downlink signals. ### Claim 32 (depends on 24) The system of claim 24, wherein the first set of the multiple receive/transmit signal paths are coupled with a first plurality of antenna elements of a user-link antenna subsystem of the end-to-end relay and the second set of the multiple receive/transmit signal paths are coupled with a second plurality of antenna elements of the user-link antenna subsystem. ### Claim 33 (depends on 32) The system of claim 32, wherein the first plurality of antenna elements is a first subset of antenna elements of an array of cooperating user-link constituent antenna elements, and the second plurality of antenna elements is a second subset of antenna elements of the array of cooperating user-link constituent antenna elements. ### Claim 34 (depends on 33) The system of claim 33, wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements are arranged in an interleaved feed pattern within the array of cooperating user-link constituent antenna elements. ### Claim 35 (depends on 32) The system of claim 32, wherein the first plurality of antenna elements is a first array of cooperating user-link constituent antenna elements, and the second plurality of antenna elements is a second array of cooperating user-link constituent antenna elements. ### Claim 36 (depends on 32) The system of claim 32, wherein a number of elements in the first plurality of antenna elements is different from a number of elements in the second plurality of antenna elements. ### Claim 37 A method for providing a communication service to user terminals geographically distributed over a user coverage area via an end-to-end relay comprising multiple receive/transmit signal paths, the method comprising: receiving, at a first access node cluster comprising a first plurality of access nodes, first return downlink signals from the end-to-end relay over a first frequency range, each of the first return downlink signals comprising a composite of return uplink signals transmitted from a plurality of the user terminals and relayed by at least a subset of a first set of the multiple receive/transmit signal paths of the end-to-end relay to form a first composite return signal; receiving, at a second access node cluster comprising a second plurality of access nodes, second return downlink signals from the end-to-end relay over a second frequency range, each of the second return downlink signals comprising a composite of the return uplink signals transmitted from the plurality of the user terminals and relayed by at least a subset of a second set of the multiple receive/transmit signal paths of the end-to-end relay to form a second composite return signal, and wherein the second frequency range is non-overlapping with the first frequency range; identifying a return beam weight matrix for end-to-end beamforming of transmissions from multiple return user beam coverage areas to the first and second access node clusters via the end-to-end relay; applying, to a vector of the first and second composite return signals, respective beamforming weights of the return beam weight matrix to obtain a respective plurality of weighted composite return signals associated with each of the multiple return user beam coverage areas; and combining, for the each of the multiple return user beam coverage areas, the respective plurality of weighted composite return signals to obtain a return beam signal associated with the each of the multiple return user beam coverage areas, wherein the respective plurality of weighted composite return signals are corrected to compensate for respective path delays and phase shifts between the end-to-end relay and the first and second pluralities of access nodes prior to the combining. ### Claim 38 (depends on 37) The method of claim 37, wherein the first plurality of access nodes of the first access node cluster are geographically distributed within a first access node area and the second plurality of access nodes of the second access node cluster are geographically distributed within a second access node area. ### Claim 39 (depends on 37) The method of claim 37, wherein a bandwidth of the first frequency range is the same as a bandwidth of the second frequency range. ### Claim 40 (depends on 37) The method of claim 37, wherein a bandwidth of the first frequency range is different from a bandwidth of the second frequency range. ### Claim 41 (depends on 37) The method of claim 37, wherein at least one of the return beam signals for at least one of the return user beam coverage areas is determined based on at least a subset of the first return downlink signals and at least a subset of the second return downlink signals.