# US 10,483,849 B1 · Automatic transition between PFM and PWM modes in a switching regulator

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- Number: US 10,483,849 B1
- Document ID: US10483849B1
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B1
- Application number: 16/176,995
- Filed: 2018-10-31
- Granted: 2019-11-19
- Earliest claimed: 2018-09-18
- Assignees: Cirel Systems Private Limited
- Applicants: Cirel Systems Private Limited
- Inventors: Anzal Saleem; Leela Madhav Lakkimsetti; Rinu Mathew
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US10483849B1

## CPC

- H02M 3/157: with digital control
- H02M 3/1584: {with a plurality of power processing stages connected in parallel}
- H02M 1/0009: {Devices or circuits for detecting current in a converter}
- H02M 1/0032: {Control circuits allowing low power mode operation, e.g. in standby mode}
- H02M 1/0058: {by employing soft switching techniques, i.e. commutation of transistors when applied voltage is zero or when current flow is zero (using an auxiliary actively switched resonant commutation circuit connected to an intermediate DC voltage or between two push-pull branches of an inverter bridge H02M7/4811; in resonant inverters H02M7/4815; in inverters operating from a resonant DC source H02M7/4826)}
- H02M 3/1566: {with means for compensating against rapid load changes, e.g. with auxiliary current source, with dual mode control or with inductance variation}
- H02M 3/1588: {comprising at least one synchronous rectifier element (H02M3/1582, H02M3/1584 take precedence)}
- Y02B 70/10: Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes
- H02M: APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF (transformers H01F; dynamo-electric converters H02K47/00; controlling transformers, reactors or choke coils, control or regulation of electric motors, generators or dynamo-electric converters H02P)
- Y02B: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS

## Abstract

A method for transitioning between Pulse Frequency Modulation (PFM) mode and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) mode and vice versa, in a switching regulator is disclosed. In PFM mode, load current is estimated based on slope of waveform of the output voltage of the switching regulator. If the load current is greater than an upper threshold, then the switching regulator is set to PWM mode. In PWM mode, load current is estimated using duration of dead-time. If the duration of dead-time is higher than a pulse filter trip point, the switching regulator temporarily transitions to PFM mode. The load current is further estimated based on slope of the waveform of the output voltage and, if the load current is lower than a lower threshold, the switching regulator remains in PFM mode. If the load current is higher than the lower threshold, the switching regulator transitions back into PWM mode.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method of transitioning a switching regulator from a Pulse Frequency Modulation mode to a Pulse Width Modulation mode, the method comprising:
measuring a load current in the Pulse Frequency Modulation mode, wherein the load current is measured at an output of the switching regulator by deriving slope of waveform of output voltage at an intersection of an inductor an a load capacitor of the switching regulator, wherein the slope of the waveform of the output voltage is measured during a dead-time of the switching regulator, wherein the dead-time is defined as the time between an instant an NMOS switch is turned OFF by a zero crossing detector to an instant a PMOS switch is turned ON by one of a pulse frequency modulation controller and a pulse width modulation controller;
determining a current threshold setting to be one of an upper threshold and a lower threshold; and
transitioning the switching regulator from the Pulse Frequency Modulation mode to the Pulse Width Modulation mode when the load current measured is greater than the upper threshold.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the slope of the waveform of the output voltage is derived using a differentiator circuit.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the current threshold setting is configured using a first multiplexer, wherein an output of the first multiplexer is set using a first control signal.

### Claim 4

A method of transitioning a switching regulator from a Pulse Width Modulation mode to a Pulse Frequency Modulation mode, the method comprising:
determining a current threshold setting for a load current and a pulse filter trip point, wherein the current threshold setting is determined to be one of an upper threshold and a lower threshold, and wherein the switching regulator is in the Pulse Width Modulation mode when the load current is above the upper threshold;
measuring a dead-time of the switching regulator to estimate the load current in the Pulse Width Modulation mode; and
transitioning to the Pulse Frequency Modulation mode, when the dead-time is greater than the pulse filter trip point, for estimating the load-current, wherein the load current is estimated in the Pulse Frequency Modulation mode by deriving a slope of a waveform of an output voltage of the switching regulator during the dead-time, and wherein the pulse filter trip point is modified to increase the dead-time after tentative transition to the Pulse Frequency Modulation mode.

### Claim 5 (depends on 4)

The method as claimed in claim 4, further comprising continuing operation in the Pulse Frequency Modulation mode when the load current estimated is lower than the lower threshold.

### Claim 6 (depends on 4)

The method as claimed in claim 4, further comprising transitioning back to the Pulse Width Modulation mode from the Pulse Frequency Modulation mode when the load current estimated is higher than the lower threshold.

### Claim 7 (depends on 4)

The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the current threshold setting is configured using a first multiplexer, wherein output of the first multiplexer is set using a first control signal.

### Claim 8 (depends on 4)

The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the pulse filter trip point is set using a second multiplexer, wherein an output of the second multiplexer is set using a second control signal.

### Claim 9 (depends on 4)

The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the dead-time is estimated using a pulse filter and a zero crossing detector.

### Claim 10

A circuit for automatically transitioning from a Pulse Width Modulation mode to a Pulse Frequency Modulation mode and vice-versa, the circuit comprising:
a zero crossing detector configured to receive a voltage from a switching regulator;
a multiplexer configured to receive a control signal for selecting a pulse filter trip point from a plurality of pulse filter trip points;
a pulse filter configured to receive outputs of the zero crossing detector and the multiplexer configured for selecting the pulse filter trip point, wherein the pulse filter measures a duration of dead-time in an output voltage of the switching regulator, based on the outputs of the zero crossing detector and the multiplexer configured for selecting the pulse filter trip point;
a current sense circuit configured to receive a voltage from an LC filter circuit, wherein the voltage from the LC filter circuit is dependent on the output voltage of the switching regulator, and wherein an output of the current sense circuit is indicative of a load current of the switching regulator;
a multiplexer configured to receive a control signal for selecting a current threshold setting, wherein the current threshold setting is selected as one of an upper threshold and a lower threshold;
a current comparator circuit configured to compare outputs of the current sense circuit and the multiplexer configured for selecting the current threshold setting; and
a digital control logic configured to:
provide control signal to the multiplexer configured for selecting the pulse filter trip point;
provide control signal to the multiplexer configured for selecting the current threshold setting; and
generate a mode select signal for selecting one of a Pulse Width Modulation mode and a Pulse Frequency Modulation mode of operation, wherein the digital control logic generates the control signals and the mode select signal based on outputs of the pulse filter and the current comparator circuit.

### Claim 11 (depends on 10)

The circuit as claimed in claim 10, wherein the mode select signal triggers a Pulse Width Modulation controller in the switching regulator for selecting the Pulse Width Modulation mode.

### Claim 12 (depends on 10)

The circuit as claimed in claim 10, wherein the mode select signal triggers a Pulse Frequency Modulation hysteretic controller in the switching regulator for selecting the Pulse Frequency Modulation mode.