Tungsten-based material super battery and supercapacitor

An electrochemical energy storage and conversion device that comprises:

• an aqueous electrolyte solution;
• and
• at least one of:
• a tungsten carbon super battery having one electrode made of a tungsten material and another electrode made of carbon;
• a tungsten and tungsten super battery having one electrode and another electrode that are each made of a tungsten trioxide material;
• a tungsten lead oxide super battery having one electrode made of the tungsten trioxide material and another electrode made of lead oxide;
• and
• a hybrid super battery that is constructed by the tungsten carbon super battery and the tungsten lead oxide super battery connected in parallel or in series,
• wherein the tungsten material and the tungsten trioxide material are each at least one selected from the group consisting of:
• (a) a hydrous tungsten trioxide (WO3.nH2O) having a crystal structure selected from the group consisting of a cubic crystal structure, a hexagonal structure, a bi-continuous structure, and combinations thereof, and wherein n is a value in the range of 0<n≤5;
• (b) the hydrous tungsten trioxide of section (a), which is doped with an element A (AxWO3.nH2O), wherein the element A is at least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal that is either sodium or potassium, an alkaline earth metal that is either calcium or strontium, a transition metal that is either titanium or zirconium, and a rare metal that is either lanthanum or cerium, and x is a value in the range of 0<x≤0.3;
• and
• (c) a mixture or composite material that consists of a tungsten-free material and at least one of the hydrous tungsten trioxide of section (a) and the hydrous tungsten trioxide of section that is doped with the element A of section (b), wherein the tungsten-free material is selected from the group consisting of:
• a carbon material that is selected from the group consisting of carbon black, onion structured carbon particles, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofiber, graphite, graphene, graphene oxide, combinations thereof,
• a polymer material that is selected from the group consisting of polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polystyrene, sulfonated polystyrene, and combinations thereof,
• a metal or salt thereof that is selected from the group consisting of vanadium, chromium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, lead, bismuth, and combinations thereof, and
• a ceramic material that is selected from the group consisting of zirconium oxide, silicon oxide, strontium oxide, aluminum oxide, and combinations thereof.