# US 10,483,447 B2 · Structures, system and method for converting electromagnetic radiation to electrical energy > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 10,483,447 B2 - Document ID: US10483447B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 14/187,175 - Filed: 2014-02-21 - Published: 2016-05-05 - Granted: 2019-11-19 - Earliest claimed: 2013-02-22 - Assignees: Redwave Energy, Inc. - Applicants: Patrick K Brady - Inventors: Patrick K Brady - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US10483447B2 ## CPC - H10N 10/17: characterised by the structure or configuration of the cell or thermocouple forming the device - H02S 10/30: Thermophotovoltaic systems (photovoltaic cells specially adapted for conversion or sensing of infrared [IR] radiation H10F10/00; thermoelectric devices H10N10/00) - Y02E 10/50: Photovoltaic [PV] energy - H10N: ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR - H02S: GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES (obtaining electrical energy from radioactive sources G21H1/12; light sensitive inorganic semiconductor devices H10F; light sensitive organic semiconductor devices H10K30/00; thermoelectric devices H10N10/00; pyroelectric devices H10N15/00) - Y02E: REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION ## Abstract A substrate, resonant structures, a ground plane, a thermal optimization layer and energy transfer structures are combined to receive and convert incoming electromagnetic radiation into electrical energy. This combination of materials may be housed in various configurations near heat sources to maximize surface area for heat contact as well as cooling. All structures are designed so as to be manufactured in low cost processes such as roll to roll. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A system for converting electromagnetic energy emitted by heat from hot gases into electricity comprising a composite stack, the composite stack comprising a plurality of vertically stacked composite stack rings, wherein each composite stack ring comprises a plurality of composite ring elements, wherein each composite ring element has an interior region through which the hot gases flow, wherein each composite ring element has a plurality of similarly shaped, concentric layers, and wherein each composite ring element comprises a converting layer that converts the electromagnetic energy to electricity, wherein each composite ring element has a wedge shape. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The system recited in claim 1, wherein each composite ring element comprises at least two layers, wherein a first layer is exposed to the hot gases that flow through the composite ring element and emit the electromagnetic energy to a second layer that converts the electromagnetic energy to electricity. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The system recited in claim 1, wherein each composite ring element comprises at least three layers wherein a first layer is exposed to the hot gases that flow through the composite ring element and emits the electromagnetic energy to a second layer that converts the electromagnetic energy to electricity, and a third layer protects the second layer from the outside environment. ### Claim 4 (depends on 2) The system recited in claim 2, wherein the first layer includes a first surface that facilitates absorption and a second surface that facilitates radiation of the electromagnetic energy. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The system recited in claim 1, wherein the converting layer in each composite ring element comprises a thermally conducting material and an insulator material. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) The system recited in claims 5, wherein the converting layer in each composite ring element comprises a collector/converter device that converts incoming electromagnetic energy to electricity, wherein the collector/converter device comprises elements, and the thermally conducting material preferentially insulates areas around the elements. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The system recited in claim 1, wherein the converting layer in each composite ring element incorporates nanoantenna electromagnetic collector devices to convert the electromagnetic energy into electricity. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The system recited in claim 1, further comprising a load to which the generated electricity is directed. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of composite stack rings are configured such that corresponding composite ring elements in different composite stack rings are aligned to form a spiral path for flow of the hot gases through the composite ring elements. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) The system of claim 1, wherein the hot gases are directed to the composite ring elements through at least one valve. ### Claim 11 A system for converting electromagnetic energy emitted by heat from hot gases into electricity comprising a composite stack, the composite stack comprising a plurality of vertically stacked composite stack rings, wherein each composite stack ring comprises a plurality of composite ring elements, wherein each composite ring element has an interior region through which the hot gases flow, wherein each composite ring element is a discrete structure and separated from other composite ring elements by an air gap filled with air, and wherein each composite ring element comprises a converting layer that converts the electromagnetic energy to electricity. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) The system recited in claim 11, wherein each composite ring element comprises at least two layers, wherein a first layer is exposed to the hot gases that flow through the composite ring element and emit the electromagnetic energy to a second layer that converts the electromagnetic energy to electricity. ### Claim 13 (depends on 11) The system recited in claim 11, wherein each composite ring element comprises at least three layers wherein a first layer is exposed to the hot gases that flow through the composite ring element and emits the electromagnetic energy to a second layer that converts the electromagnetic energy to electricity, and a third layer protects the second layer from the outside environment. ### Claim 14 (depends on 12) The system recited in claim 12, wherein the first layer includes a first surface that facilitates absorption and a second surface that facilitates radiation of the electromagnetic energy. ### Claim 15 (depends on 11) The system recited in claim 11, wherein the converting layer in each composite ring element comprises a thermally conducting material and an insulator material. ### Claim 16 (depends on 15) The system recited in claims 15, wherein the converting layer in each composite ring element comprises a collector/converter device that converts incoming electromagnetic energy to electricity, wherein the collector/converter device comprises elements, and the thermally conducting material preferentially insulates areas around the elements. ### Claim 17 (depends on 11) The system recited in claim 11, wherein the converting layer in each composite ring element incorporates nanoantenna electromagnetic collector devices to convert the electromagnetic energy into electricity. ### Claim 18 (depends on 11) The system recited in claim 11, further comprising a load to which the generated electricity is directed.