# US 10,481,020 B2 · Optical method and arrangement for measuring residual stresses, in particular in coated objects

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- Number: US 10,481,020 B2
- Document ID: US10481020B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 15/572,360
- Filed: 2016-05-20
- Published: 2018-07-19
- Granted: 2019-11-19
- Earliest claimed: 2015-05-21
- Assignees: Universität Stuttgart
- Applicants: Universität Stuttgart
- Inventors: Wolfgang Osten; Giancarlo Pedrini; Rainer Gadow; Klaus Körner
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US10481020B2

## CPC

- G01L 1/06: by measuring the permanent deformation of gauges, e.g. of compressed bodies
- B05C 11/00: Component parts, details or accessories not specifically provided for in groups B05C1/00 - B05C9/00 (means for manipulating or holding work B05C13/00; enclosures for apparatus, booths B05C15/00; spray booths B05B16/00)
- B05D 1/00: Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials (B05D5/00, B05D7/00 take precedence)
- G01B 11/16: for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
- G01B 11/24: for measuring contours or curvatures
- G01L 5/0047: {measuring forces due to residual stresses}
- G01L: MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE (weighing G01G)
- B05C: APPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL (spraying apparatus, atomising apparatus, nozzles B05B; plant for applying liquids or other fluent materials to objects by electrostatic spraying B05B5/08)
- B05D: PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL (conveying articles or workpieces through baths of liquid B65G, e.g. B65G49/02)
- G01B: MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS

## Abstract

The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for establishing residual stresses in objects, in particular in coated objects, and to a method and an apparatus for coating objects. The method comprises: impinging a surface (8) of the object (5) with laser light and generating a hole or a pattern of holes and/or locally heated points in the object (5); establishing the surface deformations by an optical deforming measuring method after the object (5) is impinged by laser light; establishing the residual stresses present in the object (5) from the measured surface deformations, wherein the generation of the hole pattern is carried out by an optical scanning apparatus which comprises an optical deflection and/or modulation arrangement for controllable deflection and/or modulation of the laser light, and/or a focusing arrangement for controllable focusing of the laser light.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method for determining residual stresses of an object comprising:
applying, by a laser exposure system, laser light to a surface of the object;
creating a pattern of holes or a pattern of locally heated points in the object;
after applying the laser light to the object, using an optical deformation measurement to determine one or more surface deformations;
determining, based on the one or more surface deformations, one or more residual stresses in the object; and
adapting a shape of the pattern of holes or of the pattern of locally heated points to at least one of: a topography of the surface of the object, the determined one or more residual stresses, or a gradient of the one or more residual stresses in the object.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the pattern of holes or the pattern of locally heated points is generated sequentially or in parallel.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, further comprising:
adapting a geometry of individual holes of the pattern of holes or the pattern of locally heated points to at least one of a topography of the surface of the object, the determined one or more residual stresses, or a gradient of the one or more residual stresses in the object.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the pattern of holes or the pattern of locally heated points comprises at least one of:
a plurality of lines at least approximately perpendicular to a direction of a largest local curvature of the surface of the object,
at least one spiral, wherein the center of the spiral is positioned at location of the largest local curvature of the surface of the object,
a circle positioned at the location of the largest local curvature of the surface of the object, or
a plurality of concentric circles positioned at the location of the largest local curvature of the surface of the object.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the pattern of holes or the pattern of locally heated points comprise at least one of a line, a line grid, a matrix, a rosette, a slit, or a cross.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein creating the pattern of holes or the pattern of locally heated points in the object further comprises:
generating, by a controllable spatial light modulator, the pattern of holes or the pattern of locally heated points in real time.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, further comprising:
obtaining data relating to at least one of a geometry of individual holes or the pattern of holes on the surface of the object or the pattern of locally heated points, a spatial position of the individual holes or the pattern of holes or the pattern of locally heated points, a topography of the pattern of holes or the pattern of locally heated points, a positioning of the pattern of holes or the pattern of locally heated points, a shape of the object, or a shape of the surface of the object.

### Claim 8

A device for determining residual stresses of an object, the device comprising:
a laser exposure system comprising:
at least a first laser; and
an optical scanning device to apply laser light to a surface of the object and to generate a pattern of holes or a pattern of locally heated points in the object, wherein the optical scanning device comprises:
an optical deflection and/or modulation arrangement to controllably modulate the laser light; or
a focusing arrangement to controllably focus the laser light; and
an optical measuring system that determines a deformation of the surface of the object, wherein the optical scanning device is further programmed and adapted to:
adapt a shape of the pattern of holes or of the pattern of locally heated points to at least one of a topography of the surface of the object, one or more residual stresses in the object, or a gradient of the one or more residual stresses in the object; or
adapt a position of the pattern of holes or of the locally heated points to at least one of a topography of the surface of the object, the determined one or more residual stresses, or a gradient of the one or more residual stresses in the object.

### Claim 9 (depends on 8)

The device of claim 8, wherein the optical scanning device is further programmed and adapted to:
generate the pattern of holes or the pattern of locally heated points, sequentially or in parallel.

### Claim 10 (depends on 8)

The device of claim 8, wherein the optical scanning device is further programmed and adapted to:
vary a geometry of at least one of the holes of the generated pattern of holes or the locally heated points of the generated pattern of locally heated points, a shape of the generated pattern of holes or of the locally heated points, or a position of the generated pattern of holes or of the locally heated points; and
adapt the geometry to at least one of a topography of the surface of the object, the determined residual stresses, or gradients of the residual stresses in the object.

### Claim 11 (depends on 8)

The device of claim 8, wherein the optical scanning device is further programmed and adapted to generate at least one of:
a pattern with a plurality of lines, wherein the plurality of lines are at least approximately perpendicular to a direction of the largest local curvature of the surface of the object,
a pattern comprising at least one spiral, a circle, or a plurality of concentric circles, wherein the center of the spiral, the center of the circle, or the center of the concentric circles is positioned at a location of the largest local curvature of the surface of the object, or
a pattern comprising at least one of a line, a line grid, a rosette, a matrix, a slit, or a cross.

### Claim 12 (depends on 8)

The device of claim 8, further comprising:
an optical 3D measuring arrangement that is programmed and adapted to obtain three-dimensional data relating to at least one of a geometry of individual holes, a geometry of the pattern of holes or the pattern of locally heated points, a spatial position of the individual holes, a spatial position of the pattern of holes or the pattern of locally heated points, a topography of the pattern of holes or the pattern of locally heated points, a positioning of the pattern of holes on the surface of the object or the pattern of locally heated points, a shape of the object, or a shape of the surface of the object.

### Claim 13 (depends on 8)

The device of claim 8, wherein the optical modulation arrangement further comprises:
a controllable light modulator, wherein the controllable light modulator comprises at least one of a liquid crystal light modulator, a DMD light modulator, or an acousto-optical modulator; or
a rotating wedge plate.

### Claim 14 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the creating the at least one of the hole, the pattern of holes, or the pattern of locally heated points in the object is performed by an optical scanning device, wherein the optical scanning device comprises:
an optical deflection and/or modulation arrangement to controllably modulate the laser light; or
a focusing arrangement to controllably focus the laser light.

### Claim 15 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein creating the pattern of holes or the pattern of locally heated points in the object further comprises:
generating, by a laser device, the pattern of holes or the pattern of locally heated points, wherein the laser device is also used to determine the surface deformations.

### Claim 16

A method for determining residual stresses of an object comprising:
applying, by a laser exposure system, laser light to a surface of the object;
creating a pattern of holes or a pattern of locally heated points in the object;
after applying the laser light to the object, using an optical deformation measurement to determine one or more surface deformations;
determining, based on the one or more surface deformations, one or more residual stresses in the object; and
adapting a position of the pattern of holes or of the locally heated points to at least one of a topography of the surface of the object, the determined one or more residual stresses, or a gradient of the one or more residual stresses in the object.