# US 10,478,084 B2 · Electrocardiogram signal detection > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 10,478,084 B2 - Document ID: US10478084B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 14/977,476 - Filed: 2015-12-21 - Published: 2016-09-01 - Granted: 2019-11-19 - Earliest claimed: 2012-11-08 - Assignees: Alivecor, Inc. - Applicants: AliveCOR, Inc. - Inventors: Conner Daniel Cross Galloway; David E. Albert - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US10478084B2 ## CPC - A61B 5/361: Detecting fibrillation - A61B 5/0006: {ECG or EEG signals} - A61B 5/02438: {with portable devices, e.g. worn by the patient} - A61B 5/352: Detecting R peaks, e.g. for synchronising diagnostic apparatus; Estimating R-R interval - A61B 5/353: Detecting P-waves - A61B 5/358: Detecting ST segments - A61B 5/36: Detecting PQ interval, PR interval or QT interval - A61B 5/364: Detecting abnormal ECG interval, e.g. extrasystoles, ectopic heartbeats - A61B 5/366: Detecting abnormal QRS complex, e.g. widening - A61B 5/7203: {for noise prevention, reduction or removal} - A61B 5/332: Portable devices specially adapted therefor - A61B 5/363: Detecting tachycardia or bradycardia - A61B: DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION (usefulness limited to only animals A61D) ## Abstract Apparatuses and methods for extracting, de-noising, and analyzing electrocardiogram signals. Any of the apparatuses described herein may be implemented as a (or as part of a) computerized system. For example, described herein are apparatuses and methods of using them or performing the methods, for extracting and/or de-noising ECG signals from a starting signal. Also described herein are apparatuses and methods for analyzing an ECG signal, for example, to generate one or more indicators or markers of cardiac fitness, including in particular indicators of atrial fibrillation. Described herein are apparatuses and method for determining if a patient is experiencing a cardiac event, such as an arrhythmia. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method of filtering a sensed electrocardiogram (ECG), comprising: identifying a QRS interval in the sensed ECU; identifying a PQ interval in the sensed ECG; identifying an ST interval in the sensed ECU; filtering the QRS interval using, a first filtering regime to generate a filtered QRS interval; filtering both the PQ and ST intervals with a second filtering regime to generate filtered PQ and ST intervals; and combining the filtered QRS interval and the filtered PQ and ST intervals. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, comprising; identifying an R-R interval in the sensed ECG; and filtering the R-R interval of the ECG with a third filtering regime. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The method of claim 2, comprising constructing an R-R matrix of normalized RR intervals from the sensed ECG. ### Claim 4 (depends on 3) The method of claim 3, comprising cross-correlating every normalized R-R interval in the R-R matrix against every other normalized R-R interval in the matrix. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The method of claim 4, comprising correlating R-R intervals when a correlation coefficient threshold between R-R intervals is above an R-R correlation threshold. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) The method of claim 5, wherein the R-R correlation threshold is about 0.7. ### Claim 7 (depends on 5) The method of claim 5, wherein the third filtering regime comprises a Principle Component Analysis (PCA). ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, comprising pre-filtering the sensed ECG before identifying the QRS interval in the sensed ECG. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, comprising removing 50 Hz or 60 Hz noise in the signal before identifying the QRS interval in the sensed ECG. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, comprising performing wavelet filtering on the sensed ECG before identifying the QRS interval in the sensed ECG. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, comprising identifying the QRS interval in the sensed ECG by filtering the sensed ECG, setting a threshold, and identifying a spike above the threshold as an R-spike component of the QRS interval. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) The method of claim 11, comprising calculating a heart rate (FIR) from the R-spike and using the HR to modify the sensed ECG to remove baseline wander. ### Claim 13 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, comprising determining a QRS interval of the sensed ECG when a peak correlation between a first region of the sensed ECU and a second region of the sensed ECG is above a correlation threshold and their amplitudes vary by less than an amplitude threshold. ### Claim 14 (depends on 13) The method of claim 13, wherein the correlation threshold is about 0.8 and the amplitude threshold is about 40%. ### Claim 15 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining that there are fewer than a minimum number of QRS intervals; and indicating that there are fewer than a minimum number of QRS intervals. ### Claim 16 (depends on 15) The method of claim 15, wherein the minimum number of QRS intervals is 6. ### Claim 17 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, comprising removing the QRS interval from the sensed ECG to form a subtracted signal. ### Claim 18 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the first filtering regime comprises a Principle Component Analysis (PCA). ### Claim 19 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the second filtering regime comprises a polynomial fit. ### Claim 20 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, comprising displaying the filtered PQ, QRS, and ST intervals. ### Claim 21 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, comprising determining if the sensed ECG is indicative of an atrial fibrillation. ### Claim 22 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, comprising comparing a beat-to-beat variability of the sensed ECG. ### Claim 23 (depends on 1) The method claim 1, comprising calculating an average beat by averaging correlated QRS regions that overlap on either side by correlated R-R intervals to form an intermediate average, and then correlating the intermediate average with correlated QRS regions that overlap on either side by correlated R-R intervals, and averaging those correlated QRS regions that overlap on either side by correlated R-R intervals that correlate with the intermediate average by greater than a threshold of about 0.85, to form the average beat.