Charging member, charging device, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus

A charging member, comprising:

• a shaft body having conductivity;
• a conductive elastic layer, disposed on a first outer circumferential surface of the shaft body;
• and
• a plurality of convexities on a second outer circumferential surface of the conductive elastic layer of the charging member,
• wherein heights of all of the convexities in each of five or more different areas of 0.7 square millimeters on the second outer circumferential surface of the charging member are measured, the five or more different areas of 0.7 square millimeters are respectively located at five or more different locations in an axial direction of the charging member,
• wherein, in each location, the charging member occupies 0.01 area % relative to 100 area % of the area of 0.7 square millimeters at a first position from a highest portion of the convexities, a height of the first position is defined as a reference height,
• wherein a second position is 1.7 μm lower than the reference height, and an average of proportion of areas occupied by the charging member at the second position in five or more different locations is 2 area % or less relative to 100 area % of the area of 0.7 square millimeters.